Frank Solutions for Chapter 3 Laws of Motion Class 9 Physics ICSE
Exercise 3.1
1. What do you mean by inertia of motion?
Answer
The property by which a body neither changes its present state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line nor tends to change the present state is known as inertia.
2. Give one example each of inertia of rest and inertia of motion.
Answer
A book lying on a table will remain placed at table unless it is displaced by some external force. This is an example of inertia of rest. A ball rolling on the ground will continue to roll unless the external force, the force of friction between the ball and the ground stops it.
3. The greater is the ______ the greater is the inertia of an object.
Answer
The greater is the mass, the greater is the inertia of the object.
4. Name the different kinds of inertia an object can possess. Give an example of each.
Answer
An object possess two kind of inertia, inertia of rest and inertia of motion. A book lying on a table will remain placed at table unless it is displaced by some external force. This is an example of inertia of rest.
5. Define one Newton. How much maximum acceleration can it produce in a mass of 1 kg?
Answer
1 Newton is the force which when applied to a body of unit mass produces a unit acceleration in it. 1 newton would produce acceleration of 1ms-2 in a mass of 1 kg.
6. The acceleration produced by a force in an object is directly proportional to the applied _______ And inversely proportional to the ______ Of the object.
Answer
The acceleration produced by a force in an object is directly proportional to the applied FORCE and inversely proportional to the MASS of the object.
7. What is the SI unit of force?
Answer
SI unit of force is Newton (N).
8. Name the physical quantity associated with N kg-1.
Answer
Acceleration is the physical quantity associated with N kg-1.
9. The CGS unit of force is dyne.
∴ 1 N = …… dyne.
Answer
1 N = 105 Dyne.
10. When a sports car and a loaded van are travelling at a speed of 50 km/h, which vehicle requires more force to stop?
Answer
As mass of loaded van is greater than sports car so it would require more force to stop.
11. What is the acceleration produced by a force of 12 N exerted on an object of mass 4 kg?
Answer
We know force = mass X acceleration.
a = f/m = 12N/4kg = 3ms-2
so acceleration of the body would be 3 ms-2
12. What is the ratio of SI to CGs units of force?
Answer
SI unit of force is Newton whereas CGS unit of force is dyne.
1 newton /1 dyne = 105
13. Write the SI unit of momentum.
Answer
SI unit of momentum is kgms-1
14. Define momentum of a body.
Answer
Momentum is defined as the amount of motion contained in the body. It is given by the product of the mass of the body and its velocity.
15. Name the physical quantity associated with the motion of a body.
Answer
Momentum is the physical quantity associated with the motion of the body.
16. Momentum is possessed by bodies in _________
Answer
Momentum is possessed by bodies in motion.
17. Which has more momentum: a fast pitched soft ball or a soft pitched soft ball?
Answer
A fast pitched soft ball has more momentum.
18. What is the ratio of SI units to CGS units of momentum?
Answer
SI unit of momentum is kgms-1 and CGS unit of momentum is g cms-1.
And their ratio is = 1000 × 100 g ms-1 = 1 : 10.
19. What will be the momentum of a body at rest?
Answer
A body at rest has zero momentum as its velocity is zero.
20. State Newton's third law of motion.
Answer
According to Newton's third law, for every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
21. What do you mean by action?
Answer
When a force acts on a body then this is called an action.
22. Do action and reaction act on the same body?
Answer
No, action and reaction never act on a same body they always act simultaneously on two different bodies.
23. Name the law of motion which gives the definition of force.
Answer
2nd law of motion gives the definition of force.
24. A boy jumps to a dock from a boat. The boat moves away from the dock. Which law explains the statement?
Answer
Newton's third law explains this statement.
25. Is force a scalar or a vector quantity?
Answer
Force is a vector quantity.
26. If a number of forces act on a stationary body at the same point, then what do you conclude from it?
Answer
This means these forces are balanced forces.
27. Why do passengers tend to fall sideways when the bus takes a sharp turn?
Answer
Passengers tend to fall sideways when the bus takes a sharp turn due to the inertia of direction.
28. Why are passengers thrown in the forward direction when a running bus stops suddenly?
Answer
Passengers are thrown in the forward direction as the running bus stops suddenly because due to their inertia of motion, their upper body continues to be in the state of motion even though the lower body comes to rest when the bus stops.
29. Why do passengers tend to fall backward when it starts suddenly?
Answer
Passengers tends to fall in backward direction when bus starts suddenly because due to their inertia of rest, as soon as the bus starts, their lower body comes in motion but the upper body continues to be in the state of rest.
30. Can internal forces change the velocity of a body?
Answer
No, internal forces cannot change the velocity of a body.
31. Why do the dust particles come out of a hanging carpet when it is beaten with a stick?
Answer
When a hanging carpet is beaten using a stick, the dust particles will start coming out of the carpet because the part of the carpet where the stick strikes, immediately comes in motion while the dust particle sticking to the carpet remains at rest . Hence a part of the carpet moves ahead along with the stick, and the dust particles fall down due to the earth's pull.
32. Why is a tree shaken to get its fruit down?
Answer
When we shake the branches of a tree, the fruits and leaves remain in state of rest while branches comes in rest so fruits and leaves are detached from the tree.
33. Which would require a greater force: accelerating a 10 g mass at 5 ms-2, or accelerating a 20 g mass of 2 ms-2?
Answer
We know force = mass×acceleration
F1 = 10 × 5 = 50 dyne.
F2 = 20 × 2 = 40 dyne.
So first body require more force.
34. The velocity-time graph of a coin moving on a table is shown in fig.22. If the mass of the coin is 20 g, then how much force does the table exert on the coin to bring it to rest?
And force = mass x acceleration
Force = 20/1000 × -3/100 N.
⇒ Force = -6 ×104 N.
35. An object undergoes an acceleration of 8 ms-2 starting from rest. Find the distance travelled in 5 seconds.
Answer
initial velocity of the object = 0 ms-1
Acceleration of the object = 8 ms-2
Time = 5s.
Distance covered would be S = ut + 1/2 at2
S = 1/2 ×8×5×5 = 100m.
36. A truck rolls down a hill with constant acceleration after starting from rest. It travels a distance of 100 m in 10 s. find its acceleration. Find the force acting on it, if its mass is 5 metric tons. (tonne)
Answer
Initial velocity of the truck = 0 ms-1
Distance covered by truck = 100 m
Time taken to cover this distance = 10 s.
We know Distance covered would be S = ut + 1/2 at2.
100 = 1/2 ×a×100
a = 2 ms-2
Mass of truck = 5 metric tons = 5000 kg
Force acted on truck = mass x acceleration
Force = 5000 ×2 = 10000 N
37. Name the physical entity used for quantifying the motion of a body.
Answer
Momentum is used for quantifying the motion of body.-
38. Why do you feel a backward jerk on your shoulder when you fire a gun?
Answer
When we fire a gun, a force is exerted in the forward in the forward direction as the bullets comes out; in reaction to which an equal and opposite force is act in the backward direction and hence, we feel a backward jerk on the shoulder.
39. How does a person move forward during swimming?
Answer
A person applies force on water in backward direction and water according to third law of motion water apply an equal and opposite force in forward direction which helps a person to swim.
40. Name the principle involved in the working of a jet engine.
Answer
Newton's third law of motion is involved in the working of a jet plane.
41. Is the statement correct?
A rocket can propel itself in vacuum.
Answer
Yes, a rocket can propel itself in a vacuum once it is given initial velocity.
42. Since action and reaction forces are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, how can anything be ever accelerated?
Answer
Action is equal and opposite to reaction but they act on different bodies and object moves as movement requires an unbalanced force and these are provided once inertia is overcome.
Exercise 3.2
1. Who stated the law of gravitation?
Answer
Sir Isaac Newton stated the law of gravitation.
2. State Newton's law of gravitation.
Answer
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.
3. Distinguish between gravity and gravitation.
Answer
Gravity is the force of attraction between the object and the earth whereas gravitation refers to the force of attraction that exists between any two bodies that possess mass.
4. Define acceleration due to gravity.
Answer
Acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration experienced by a body during free fall.
5. Write the relation between g and G.
Answer
g = GM/R2.
6. Define the constant of gravitation.
Answer
We know that law of gravitation.
F = G (m1 ×m2)/R2.
Here G is universal constant and is called constant of gravitation. It does not depend upon on the value of m1, m2 or R.
Its value is same between any two objects in the universe.
7. What are the SI units of constant of gravitation?
Answer
SI unit of constant of gravitation is Nm2kg2.
8. How will the force of gravitation between two objects change if the distance between them is
(a) Halved,
(b) Doubled,
(c) Made four times,
(d) Infinite
(e) Almost zero?
Answer
we know that law of gravitation.
F = G (m1 ×m2)/R2.
(a) If distance between them is halved then put R = R/2.
F = 4 x G(m1 ×m2)/R2.
F1 = 4F
(b) If distance between them is doubled then put R = 2R.
F = G (m1 ×m2)/4R2,
F1 = F/4.
(c) If distance between them is made four times then put R = 4R.
F = G(m1 ×m2)/16 R2.
F1 = F/16.
(d) If distance between them is infinite then put R = infinite.
F = G(m1 ×m2)/R2.
F1 = 0.
(e) If distance between them is almost zero then put R = 0.
F = G(m1 ×m2)/0.
F1 = infinite.
9. All objects in the universe attract each other along the line joining their______
Answer
All objects in the universe attract each other along the line joining their centres.
10. The force of attraction between any two material objects is called ______.
Answer
The force of attraction between any two material objects is called FORCE OF GRAVITATION.
11. The gravitational force of the earth is called earth's ______.
Answer
The gravitational force of the earth is called earth's gravity.
12. The gravity is a particular case of _______.
Answer
The Gravity is a particular case of gravitational force of earth.
13. The value of G is extremely _____ (small/large/infinite)
Answer
The value of G is extremely small.
14. Is the law of gravitation applicable in case of the sun and the moon?
Answer
Yes the law of gravitation is also applicable in case of the sun and moon.
15. Given:
Mass of the earth = 6×1024kg
Radius of the earth = 6.4 ×106 m
G = 6.7 ×1011 Nm2kg-2
Using this data, calculate the force of gravity due to the earth acting on a 100 kg person standing on the ground.
Answer
We know that law of gravitation.
F = G(m1 ×m2)/R2.
Mass of earth = 6 ×1024 kg.
Mass of the person = 100 kg.
G = 6.7×10-11 Nm2kg-2.
Radius of earth = 6.4×1014
F = (6.7×10-11 ×100 × 6× 1014) (6.4× 6.4× 1012) = 981.4N
Force of gravity due to earth acting on a 100 kg person is 981.4 N.
16. Why do objects fall towards the earth?
Answer
Objects fall towards the earth due to force of gravitation.
17. Why don't you feel the force of attraction between your friend sitting close to you and yourself?
Answer
Because the masses of persons are not large enough to overcome the value of small constant of gravitation so the force of gravitation is very small and negligible to feel.
18. A ball is thrown up with a speed of 4.9 ms-1.
(a) Calculate the maximum height it would gain before it begins to fall.
(b) Also, calculate the time it takes to reach this height.
(c) Prove that the time of ascent is equal to the time of descent.
Answer
Initial speed of ball is = 4.9 ms-1
Acceleration due to gravity = - 9.8 ms-2
(a) We know v2 - u2 =2as
At highest point final velocity is zero so
0 - 49×4.9 = 2×(-9.8) s
⇒ s = 1.125 m
(b) We know v = u + at
0 = 49 – 9.8 t
⇒ t = 0.5 sec.
(c) for highest point initial velocity is zero
Acceleration due to gravity is = 9.8 ms-2.
Final velocity at ground is v
v2 – 0 = 2×9.8× 1.125
⇒ v = 4.9 ms-1
Time taken to reach ground from highest point
v = u + at
⇒ 4.9 = 0 + 9.8 t
⇒ t = 4.9/9.8 = 0.5 sec.
So time of ascent is equal to time descent.
19. What is the relation between ‘g' and 'G’?
Answer
g = GM/R2
20. What is the value of g at the surface of the earth?
Answer
Value of the g at the surface of the earth is 9.8ms-2.
21. When some rock is brought to the earth from the surface of the moon, Will its mass and weight change?
Answer
Mass of the body is constant at all positions so mass will not change. But weight will change as gravity on the surface of earth is almost 6 times than on the surface of the moon, so its weight will increase almost 6 times on the surface of earth.
22. Where will you weigh more: at the centre of the earth or at the surface of the earth?
Answer
We will weigh more on the surface of the earth.
23. Name an instrument used to measure the mass of a body.
Answer
Beam balance is used to measure the mass of a body.
24. Name the instrument by which the weight of a body can be measured.
Answer
Spring scale is used to measure the weight of a body.
25. Where do you weigh more: at the poles or at equator?
Answer
The weight is greater at the poles than the equator.
26. How are kg wt and N related to each other?
Answer
Newton 1N = 9.8 kgwt.
27. Where will you weigh more: at the moon's surface or at the earth's surface?
Answer
We will weigh more on earth surface as value of g is greater on earth surface.
28. Does the force of gravitation between two objects depend on the medium between them?
Answer
No, the force of gravitation between two objects does not depend on the medium between them.
29. What will happen to the gravitational force of attraction between two objects if the mass of each is doubled and the distance between them is also doubled?
Answer
we know that law of gravitation.
F = G (m1 × m2)/R2
Now m1 = 2m1
m2 = 2m2
R = 2R
F1 = G (2m1 × 2m2)/4R2
⇒ F1 = F
So force between them remains same.
30. In vacuum, all freely falling objects have the same force. Is it true?
Answer
Yes, in absence of gravity all freely falling body have same force acting on them.
31. What is meant by the equation?
G = GM/R2
Where the symbols have their usual meanings?
Answer
G = GM/R2
it means acceleration due to gravity is directly proportional to the mass of body and inversely proportional to the square of distance between earth and object.
32. Neglecting air resistance, a body falling freely near the earth's surface has a constant acceleration. (True/False)
Answer
Yes a body falling freely near the earth surface has a constant acceleration.
33. At which of the following locations, the value of g is the largest?
(i) On top of the Mount Everest
(ii) On top of Qutub Minar
(iii) At a place on the equator
(iv) A camp site in Antarctica
Answer
As we know
G = 1/R2
so value of g is more at poles than equator so value of g is maximum near a camp site in Antarctica as this lie on the pole.
34. At what height above the earth's surface would the value of acceleration due to gravity be half of what it is on the surface? Take the radius of earth to be R.
Answer
As we know
G = GM/R2
So let at height H the value of g is half that of the earth surface
then g at R + H would be equal to
g’ = GM/(R + H)2
Now g’/g =1/2
1/2 = R2/(R + H)
⇒ (R + H)2 = 2R2
⇒ R + H = √2R
⇒ H = (√2 - 1)R.
Exercise 3.3
1. What is a force?
Answer
Force is that external agency which tends to change the state of rest or the state of motion of a body.
2. Define one Newton.
Answer
1 Newton is the force which when applied to a body of unit mass produces a unit acceleration in it.
3. What is the relation between Newton and dyne?
Answer
Newton is the SI unit of force whereas dyne is the CGS unit of force.
1 N = 105 dyne.
4. Is force a scalar quantity?
Answer
No, force is a vector quantity.
5. A force can produce _____. In an object at rest. It can ______ an object and change its _____of motion.
Answer
A force can produce motion in an object at rest. It can accelerate an object and can change its direction of motion.
6. What does a force do in the following cases?
(a) You pull the skin of your arm.
(b) You twist a piece of rubber.
(c) You apply brakes to a running car.
(d) You catch a kicked ball.
Answer
(a) force changes the shape of skin.
(b) force produces stretching in the rubber.
(c) force provides retardation to the car and finally stops the car.
(d) force decreases the momentum of ball and finally stops the ball.
7. Can every force produced motion in every type of body?
Answer
No, every force does not produce motion in every type of body.
8. The amount of inertia of a body depends on its —-—-.
Answer
The amount of inertia of a body depends on its MASS.
9. You can change the direction in which an object is moving by ——-.
Answer
You can change the direction in which an object is moving by APPLYING FORCE ON IT.
10. A man riding on a car has _____ Inertia.
Answer
A man riding on a car has inertia of motion.
11. What do you mean by inertia of rest?
Answer
When a body is at rest, it will continue to remain at rest unless some external force is applied to change its state of rest. This property of body is called inertia of rest.
12. Name and state the action and reaction in the following cases:
(i) A book lying on a table,
(ii) A person walking on the ground,
(iii) Hammering a nail,
(iv) Firing a bullet from a gun,
(v) Pushing a wall.
Answer
(i) Weight of the book is action and normal force applied by table on book is reaction.
(ii) Force applied by man on ground is action and force of friction is the reaction.
(iii) Force applied by hammer on nail is action and normal force applied by nail on hammer is reaction to this force.
(iv) Firing of bullet is the action and recoiling of gun is the reaction.
(v) Force applied by us on wall is action and opposite force applied by wall on us or we can say that resistance of wall to our force is reaction.
13. Give two examples of each:
(i) Inertia of rest, and
(ii) Inertia of motion
Answer
A book lying on a table will remain placed on table unless it is displaced by some external force. This is an example of inertia of rest.
A ball rolling on the ground will continue to roll unless the external force , the force of friction between the ball and the ground stops it. This is an example of inertia of motion.
14. What causes motion in a body?
Answer
Unbalance external force causes motion in the body.
15. What do you mean by linear momentum of a body?
Answer
Linear Momentum is defined as the amount of motion contained in a body. It is given by the product of the mass of the body and its velocity.
16. Write the SI unit of momentum.
Answer
SI unit of momentum is kgms-1.
17. Give qualitative definition of force on the basis of Newton's first law of motion.
Answer
According to Newton's first law force is that external agency which tends to change the state of rest or the state of motion of a body.
18. State Newton's first law of motion.
Answer
According to Newton's first law, everybody continues in its state of rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled by some external force to act otherwise.
19. Which of the following has the largest inertia?
(i) A car
(ii) A truck
(iii) A cricket ball
(iv) A ball pen
Answer
Out of all these, as mass of truck is greatest and mass is measure of inertia so a truck has maximum inertia.
20. Why is it advantageous to turn before taking a long jump?
Answer
It is advantageous to run before taking a long jump because after running we get motion of inertia which helps in long jumping.
21. Why does a ball moving on a table top eventually stops?
Answer
Ball moving on a table top stops eventually due to force of friction between the ball surface and table surface.
22. Name the physical quantity which equals the rate of change of linear momentum.
Answer
Force is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum.
23. State Newton's second law of motion. Is Newton's first law of motion contained in Newton's second law of motion?
Answer
According to newton second law of motion, when a force acts on a body, the rate of change in momentum of a body is equal to the product of mass of the body and acceleration produced in it.
Yes, Newton's first law is contained in the second law as if force is zero then acceleration would be zero which means body would remain in its state of rest or in state of constant motion.
24. Define one newton. What is the ratio of SI to CGS units of force?
Answer
1 Newton is the force which when applied to a body of unit mass produces a unit acceleration in it.
1 newton/1dyne = 105.
25. Prove that 1 N = 105 dyne. Is 1 N same as 1 kgms-2?
Answer:
1 newton = 1 kg × 1 ms-1 = 1000 g × 100 cms-1 = 105 cms-1
1 dyne 1g × 1 cms-1 = 1 cms-1
So 1 newton = 105 dyne.
26. Two equal and opposite forces acting at the same point on a stationary body. Will the body move? Give reason to explain your answer.
Answer
No, the body will not move as the two forces are equal and opposite and they constitute balanced forces.
27. Two equal and opposite forces act on a moving body. How is its motion affected?
Answer
As these forces are balanced so they will not affect the motion and motion of the body will remain unaffected.
28. State Newton's third law of motion. Explain, the motion of a rocket with the help of Newton's third law of motion.
Answer:
According to Newton's third law, for every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction. Rocket works on the same principle. The exhaust gases produced as the result of the combustion of the fuel are forced out at one end of the rocket. As a reaction , the main rocket moves in the opposite direction.
29. A boy pushes a wall with a force of 30 N towards east. What force is exerted by the wall on the boy?
Answer
According to Newton's third law, every action has equal and opposite reaction so force exerted by the wall on the boy is 30 N.
30. Name the scientist who first stated the law of inertia.
Answer
Newton stated the law of inertia.
31. State the law of gravitation. Why is it called universal?
Answer
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.
Law of gravitation is called universal because it applies to all bodies of universe.
32. What is the difference between gravity and gravitation?
Answer
Gravity is the force of attraction between the object and the earth whereas gravitation refers to the force of attraction that exists between any two bodies that possess mass.
33. Where will a person weigh more: at Simla or at Delhi?
Answer
Person will weigh more at Delhi as we know that gravity decreases with increase in height. Now as Shimla is at a height from Delhi so weight is less in Shimla and more in Delhi.
34. Name the instrument used to measure the weight of a body.
Answer
Spring scale is used to measure the weight of a body.
35. Gravity is another kind of _______. It exerts all through the _________. The Sun's gravity keeps the ________ in their orbits. Gravity can only be felt with very large________.
Answer
Gravity is another kind of FORCE. It exerts all through the UNIVERSE. The sun's gravity keeps the PLANETS in their orbits. Gravity can only be felt with very large MASS.
36. Explain why:
(a) Objects fall to the earth.
(b) The atmosphere does not escape.
(c) A moon rocket needs to reach a certain velocity.
Answer
(i) Objects fall on the earth due to gravitational force between the earth and object.
(ii) Atmosphere does not escape because molecules of atmosphere are attracted by earth due to gravitational force of earth.
(iii) A moon rocket needs to reach a certain velocity because during its motion earth attracts the rocket towards it by its gravitational force.
37. Explain the difference between g and G.
Answer
‘g' is acceleration due to earth's gravity and 'G' is universal gravitational constant.
38. What do you understand by the free fall?
Answer
Free fall means motion of a body under the gravity of earth only.
39. Is there a gravitational attraction between you and the book? Explain.
Answer
Yes, we have a gravitational force of attraction between us and a book. But our mass is very small so the force between us and book is very small almost negligible.
40. Does the force of the earth's gravitation affect the motion of the moon? Explain your answer with reasons.
Answer
Yes, the force of gravitation of earth affects the motion of moon, because moon is revolving around earth and centripetal force for this revolution is provided by earth's gravitation.
41. Differentiate between gravitational mass and inertial mass.
Answer
Inertial mass is measure of inertia of the object. According to second law of motion F = m a
m = F/a and this mass is called as inertial mass.
Newton law of gravitation gives another definition of mass.
F = (G m1m2)/R2
Thus m2 is the mass of the body by which another body of mass m, attracts it towards it by law of gravitation. This mass is called gravitational mass.
42. State Newton's law of gravitation. What is the difference between
(i) Gravity and gravitation
(ii) g and G?
Answer
Newton law of gravitation is that Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.
(i) Gravity is the force of attraction between the object and the earth whereas gravitation refers to the force of attraction that exists between any two bodies that possess mass.
(ii) ‘g' is acceleration due to earth's gravity and 'G' is universal gravitational constant.
43. An apple falls towards the earth due to its gravitational force. The apple also attracts the earth with the same force. Why do we not see the earth rising towards the apple? Explain.
Answer
Yes, it is true that apple attracts the earth towards it with same force but the mass of earth is so huge that acceleration produced in it due to this force is very much small and negligible to notice.
44. In fig. 1, a block of weight 20 N is hanging from a rigid support by a string. Find:
(a) The force exerted by block on the string.
(b) The force exerted by string on the block.
(i) The force exerted by the block on is the weight of box and that is equal to 20N.
(ii) The force exerted by string on block is equal to the tension in the string and this is also equal to the 20N.
45. A force of 4 N gives a mass m, an acceleration of 8 ms-2 and a mass m2 an acceleration of 20 ms-2. What would be the acceleration if the same force acts on both the masses tied together?
Answer
we know F = m × a
m = F/a
so we can calculate mass of each body
Mass of body 1 m1 = 4/8 = 0.5 kg.
Mass of body 2 m2 = 4/20 = 0.2kg.
Total mass when two masses are tied together M = 0.5 + 0.2 = 0.7 kg.
Now as force is acting on total mass so acceleration produced is
a = 4/0.7 = 5.71 ms-2
46. The speed-time graph of a body having a mass of 100 g moving along a straight line path is shown here. Find the force acting on the body.
a = (v—u)/t = (10 – 0)/(4 - 0) = 5/2 = 2.5 ms-2
Mass of the body is = 100g = 0.1 kg.
force = mass x acceleration.
Force = 0.1× 2.5 = 0.25 N.
47. A force of 0.9 N acting on a body increases its velocity from 5 ms-1 to 8 ms-1 in 2 s. Calculate the mass of the body.
Answer
Initial speed of body = 5 ms-1
Final speed of body = 8 ms-1
Time taken to acquire this speed = 2 s.
Acceleration of body = (v - u)/t
a = (8 - 5)/2 = 1.5 ms-2
Force applied on body = 0.9 N.
We know F = m × a
m = f/a = 0.9/1.5 = 0.6 kg
mass of the body is 600 gm.
48. The distance – time values for an object moving along a straight line are given below:
Answer
49. What do you mean by an impulsive force?
Answer
The force that acts on a body for a very short time but produces a large change in its momentum, is known as impulsive force.
50. For how long should a force of 100 N act on a body of mass 20 kg so that it acquires a velocity of 100 ms-1?
Answer
initial velocity of body = 0 ms-1
Final velocity of body = 100 ms-1
Mass of body = 20 kg.
Force applied = 100N.
We know that
F × t = m(v - u)
⇒ 100 t = 20 (100 - 0)
⇒ t = 2000/100 = 20 s.
51. Write the SI unit of retardation.
Answer
SI unit of retardation is ms-2
52. What is the relationship between force and acceleration?
Answer
Force applied is equal to the product of mass and acceleration produced in the body.
F = mass × acceleration.
53. State Newton's second law of motion.
A body of mass 400 g is resting on a frictionless table. Find the acceleration of the body when acted upon by a force of 0.02 N.
Answer
According to Newton's second law of motion, when a force acts on a body, the rate of change in momentum of a body equals the product of mass of the body and acceleration produced in it due to that force, provided the mass remains constant.
Mass of body = 400 g = 0.4kg
Force applied on body = 0.02 N
Acceleration = force/mass = 0.02/0.4 = 0.05 ms-2
54. What do you mean by linear momentum of a body? A force causes an acceleration of 10 ms-2 in a body of mass 1 kg. What acceleration will be caused by the same force in a body of mass 4 kg?
Answer
Linear Momentum is defined as the physical quantity which is associated with bodies in linear motion. It is given by the product of the mass of the body and its velocity.
Mass of body = 1 kg
Acceleration produced = 10 ms-2
Force applied would be = 1 × 10N = 10N.
Mass of second body = 4 kg.
As same force has to be applied on second body so force = 10N.
Acceleration produced is = F/M = 10/4 = 2.5 ms-2
55. Two bodies P and Q, of same masses m and 2m are moving with velocities 2 v and v respectively. Compare their (i) Inertia, (ii) Momentum, and (iii) The force required to stop them in the same time.
Answer
Mass of P is m1 = m.
Velocity of P is v1 = 2v
Mass of Q is m2 = 2m
Velocity of Q is v2 = v.
(i) inertia of P/inertia of Q = m1/m2 = 1/2.
So ratio of inertia of two bodies is 1:2.
(ii) Momentum of P/momentum of Q = m1v1/m2v2 = 1
So ratio of momentum of two bodies is 1:1.
(iii) As force required to stop them is equal to change in their momentum from moving to rest.
So ratio would be same as the ratio of their momentum i.e 1: 1.
56. Show that the rate of change of momentum = mass × acceleration. Under what condition does this relation hold?
Answer
According to newton second law
F = m × a
⇒ a = (v - u)/t.
F = m(v - u)/t
⇒ F = (mv - mu)/t
As F = m × a
ma = (mv - mu)/t
so rate of change of momentum = mass × acceleration.
This relation holds good when mass remains constant during motion.
57. What do you mean by the conservation of momentum? Briefly, explain the collision between two bodies and the conservation of momentum.
Answer
Conservation of momentum in case of a collision between two bodies means the total momentum before and after collision remains unchanged or conserved, provided no net force acts on the system.
Consider two bodies A and B having masses m1 and m2 and initial velocities u1 and u2 respectively. The bodies collide head on with each other and their collision lasts for t seconds. Suppose the velocities of A and B after collision are v1 and v2 respectively. Assume that no external forces are acting on the bodies.
Rate of change of momentum of ball A = m1(v1- u1)/t.
Rate of change of momentum of ball B = m2(v2— u2)/t.
If FAB is the force exerted by A on B and FBA is the force ex
Rated by B on A, we can write
FAB = m1(v1 – u1)/t.
⇒ FBA = m2(v2 – u2)/t.
⇒ FAB = - FBA
m1(v1 – u1)/t = m2(v2 – u2)/t
⇒ m1(v1 – u1) = - m2(v2 – u2)
⇒ m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2
So, total momentum after collision = total momentum before collision.
This proves conservation of momentum during collision.
58. State Newton's third law of motion. Give an experimental demonstration of Newton's third law.
Answer
According to newton third law, for every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
To demonstrate newton third law blow a balloon and hold its neck tightly facing downwards. When we release the balloon, the balloon will moves up instead of falling to the ground. As air is releasing from bottom of balloon and this air apply equal and opposite force to the balloon and this force helps balloon to move upwards.
59. A force acts for 0.1 s on a body of mass 2.0 kg initially at rest. The force is then withdrawn and the body moves with a velocity of 2 ms-1. Find the average force applied by the player.
Answer
time for which force is applied = 0.1 s.
Mass of body = 2 kg
Initial velocity of body = 0 ms-1
Final velocity of body = 2 ms-1
We know F × t = m (v - u)
F × 0.1 = 2(2 - 0)
⇒ F = 4/0.1 = 40 N.
60. A cricket ball of mass 500 g moving at a speed of 30 ms-1 is brought to rest by a player in 0.03 s. Find the average force applied by the player.
Answer
mass of ball = 500g = 0.5 kg.
Initial speed of the ball = 30 ms-1
Final speed of ball = 0 ms-1
Time taken by player to stop the ball = 0.03 s.
We know F × t = m (v - u)
F × 0.03 = 0.5 (0 - 30)
⇒ F = -1.5/0.03 = -500 N
(-) sign shows that player has to apply force in opposite direction of the motion of the ball.
61. A force acts for 0.1 s on a body of mass 3.2 kg initially at rest. The force then ceases to act and the body moves through 3 m in the next one second. Calculate the magnitude of force.
Answer
Time for which force is applied = 0.1 s.
Mass of the body = 3.2 kg.
Initial speed of body = 0 ms-1
After removal of forces body covers a distance of 3m in 1 second so final speed of body = 3/1 = 3ms-1
We know F × t = m (v - u)
F × 0.1 = 3.2(3 - 0)
⇒ F = 9.6/0.1 = 96N.
So, applied force is 96 N.
62. Fig. 3 shows the velocity-time graph of a particle of mass 200 g moving in a straight line. Calculate the force acting on the particle.
the body is = (v - u)/(t2 - t1) = (20 - 0)/(5 - 0) = 4 ms-2
Mass of the body is = 200 g = 0.2 kg
Force applied is equal to = 0.2×4 = 0.8 N.
63. A force of 10 N acts on a body of mass 2 kg for 3 s, initially at rest. Calculate:
(i) The velocity acquired by the body, and
(ii) Change in momentum of the body.
Answer
Time for which force is applied = 3 s.
Mass of the body = 2 kg.
Initial speed of body = 0 ms-1
Force applied = 10 N.
(i) We know F× t = m(v - u)
10×3 = 2 (v - 0)
⇒ v = 15 ms-1
Final velocity is 15 ms-1
(ii) As m (v - u) is change in momentum and this is equal to the F×t so change in momentum is equal to the 30 kgms-1
64. Use Newton's second law to explain the following:
(i) We always prefer to land on sand instead of hard floor while taking a high jump.
(ii) While catching a fast moving ball, we always pull our hands backwards.
Answer
(i) We always prefer to land on sand instead of hard floor while taking a high jump because sand increases the time of contact. As F × t = m(v - u) and our change in momentum is constant so if time increases then force experienced would decrease.
(ii) Again while catching a fast moving ball, we always pull our hands backwards to increase reaction time so force experienced would decrease.
65. A stone is dropped from a cliff 98 m high.
(a) How long will it take to fall to the foot of the cliff?
(b) What will be its speed when it strikes the ground?
Answer
Height of cliff = 98 m.
Initial velocity of stone = 0 ms-1
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 ms-2
(a) We know H = ut + 1/2 gt2
⇒ 98 = 1/2 ×9.8×t2
⇒ t2 = 98× 2/9.8 = 20
⇒ t = 4.47 sec.
(b) Final velocity when it strikes the ground
v2 - u2 = 2gH
⇒ v2 = 2×9.8 × 98
⇒ v2 = 1920
⇒ v = 44.6 ms-1
66. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 9.8 m/s. When will it reach the ground?
Answer
Initial speed of ball is = 9.8 ms-1
Acceleration due to gravity = -9.8 ms-2
Final speed at maximum height = 0 ms-1
We know v = u + at
0 = 9.8 - 9.8 t
⇒ t = 1 sec.
We know v2 - u2 = 2as
At highest point final velocity is zero so
0 - 9.8×9.8 = 2× (-9.8) s
⇒ s = 4.9m.
for highest point initial velocity is zero
Acceleration due to gravity is = 9.8 ms-2
Final velocity at ground is v
v2 – 0 = 2× 9.8× 4.9
⇒ v = 9.8 ms-1
Time taken to reach ground from highest point
v = u + at
⇒ 9.8 = 0 + 9.8 t
⇒ t = 9.8/9.8 = 1 sec.
Total time = time of ascent + time of descent.
Total of flight = 14 + 1 = 2 seconds.
67. A ball is thrown vertically downward with an initial velocity of 10 m/s. What is its speed 1 s later and 2 s later?
Answer
Initial speed of ball = 10 ms-1
Acceleration due to gravity on ball = - 9.8 ms-2
We know that from first equation of motion
v = u + gt
After 1 sec
v = 10 - 9.8×1
⇒ v = 0.2 ms-1
so velocity after 1 sec would be 0.2 ms-1
Velocity after 2 seconds
v = 10 - 9.8×2
⇒ v = 10 - 19.6
⇒ v = -9.6 ms-1
Here negative sign shows that velocity is in downward direction and magnitude is 9.6 ms-1
68. A ball is thrown upward and reaches a maximum height of 19.6 m. Find its initial speed?
Answer
Maximum Height attained by ball = 19.6 m
Let initial speed of ball = u ms-1
Acceleration applied on ball due to gravity = - 9.8 ms-2
Final speed of ball at maximum height = 0 ms-1
We know that from second equation of motion
v2 – u2 = 2as
⇒ 0 - u2 = 2× (-9.8)× 19.6
⇒ u2 = 19.6 ×19.6
⇒ u = 19.6 ms-1
So, initial speed of ball to attain maximum height of 19.6 m should be 19.6ms-1
69. A stone is dropped from a tower 98 m high. With what speed should a second stone be thrown 1 s later so that both hit the ground at the same time?
Answer
Height of tower = 98 m
Acceleration due to gravity on stone = 9.8 ms-2
Initial speed of ball = 0 ms-1
Let initial speed of second stone is v ms-1
We know from second equation of motion
s = ut + 1/2a ×t2
⇒ 98 = 0 + 1/2 ×9.8 ×t2
⇒ t2 = 20
⇒ t = 4.47 sec.
As second stone is thrown 1 sec later so time taken by second body to cover distance of 98 m is = 4.47 - 1 = 3.47 sec.
So again put t = 3.47 sec and S = 98 m in second equation of motion we get
98 = v×3.47 + 1/2 ×9.8×3.47 ×3.47.
⇒ 98 = 3.47×v + 59
⇒ 3.47×v = 98 - 59
⇒ v = 39/3.47 = 11.23 ms-1
Initial speed of second stone should be 11.23 ms-1