Frank Solutions for Chapter 4 Tissues Class 9 Biology ICSE
Exercises
1. What is a permanent tissue? It is of how many types?
Answer
Permanent tissue is a group of cells which temporarily or permanently cease to divide and
thus assume permanent form and function.
Permanent tissues are of three types:
thus assume permanent form and function.
Permanent tissues are of three types:
- Simple tissues
- Complex tissues
- Special tissues.
2. What is sclerenchyma? Explain its importance in plants.
Answer
Answer
Sclerenchyma is a type of simple tissue present commonly in roots, stems, leaves and petioles. Its cells are dead, elongated and narrow with thickened and lignified cell walls.
Sclerenchyma is of two types i.e. fibres and sclerids.
Sclerenchyma gives strength, rigidity and flexibility to the plant body, thus enabling it to withstand various strains.
Sclerenchyma is of two types i.e. fibres and sclerids.
Sclerenchyma gives strength, rigidity and flexibility to the plant body, thus enabling it to withstand various strains.
3. Explain type and function of xylem tissues.
Answer
Xylem is a complex plant tissue composed of several types of cells which are:
- Tracheids- These cells are long and tubular with thick, rigid and lignified walls and pointed ends. Tracheids are present in all vascular plants. These conduct water and minerals from root to stem.
- Vessels- These are long cylindrical cells with lignified walls, placed one above the other to form a pipe like structure. They participate in the conduction of water and minerals.
- Xylem fibres- These are sclerenchymatous fibres found attached to xylem. These provide strength to the plant organs.
- Xylem parenchyma- This is the living component of xylem. Xylem parenchyma is composed of simple parenchyma cells found in xylem. These are connected with tracheids or vessels through simple or bordered pits. Their function is to store food material.
4. What is a phloem? Name the components of it.
Answer
Answer
Phloem is a complex plant tissue found in all parts of the plant like roots, stems and leaves and is mainly responsible for the conduction of organic food prepared by the plant.
Phloem is made up of four components which are:
Phloem is made up of four components which are:
- Sieve tubes
- Companion cells
- Phloem parenchyma
- Phloem fibres
5. Define the following:
(i) Tissue
(ii) Vascular tissue
(ii) Meristematic tissue
(iv) Permanent tissue
Answer
(i) Tissue
(ii) Vascular tissue
(ii) Meristematic tissue
(iv) Permanent tissue
Answer
(i) Tissue is a group of cells of similar structure and function.
(ii) Vascular tissue is the complex plant tissue in higher plants that is composed of xylem and phloem and is concerned with conducting water, minerals and organic food throughout the plant body.
(iii) Meristematic tissue is a group of cells which constantly divide and produce cells indefinitely throughout the life of the plant.
(iv) Permanent tissue refers to a group of cells which temporarily or permanently cease to divide and thus assume permanent form and function.
(ii) Vascular tissue is the complex plant tissue in higher plants that is composed of xylem and phloem and is concerned with conducting water, minerals and organic food throughout the plant body.
(iii) Meristematic tissue is a group of cells which constantly divide and produce cells indefinitely throughout the life of the plant.
(iv) Permanent tissue refers to a group of cells which temporarily or permanently cease to divide and thus assume permanent form and function.
6. Differentiate between:
(i) Cell and Tissue
(ii) Parenchyma and collenchyma
(iii) Organ and organelle
(iv) Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
(v) Nervous tissue and Nervous system
(vi) Blood and Lymph
(vii) Bone and Cartilage
(viii) Tendon and Ligament
Answer
(ii) Parenchyma and collenchyma
(iii) Organ and organelle
(iv) Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
(v) Nervous tissue and Nervous system
(vi) Blood and Lymph
(vii) Bone and Cartilage
(viii) Tendon and Ligament
Answer
(i) Difference between Cell and Tissue
| Cell | Tissue |
| Cell is the smallest basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms | Tissue is a group of cells of similar structure and function |
| It is present in all living organisms | It is absent in unicellular |
(ii) Difference between Parenchyma and collenchyma
| Parenchyma | Collenchyma |
| It is concerned with photosynthesis, storage of various materials and wound healing | It provides mechanical support and elasticity to the plant body. |
| Parenchyma cells have thin cell walls | The cell wall of collenchyma cell is unevenly thickened |
(iii) Difference between Organ and organelle
| Organ | Organelle |
| It is macroscopic | It is microscopic |
| Several tissues coordinate together to form an organ | There are many organelles present within a cell |
| Example - Heart, lung, brain, kidney | Example - mitochondria, plastid, ER, Golgi apparatus |
(iv) Difference between Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
| Collenchyma | Sclerenchyma |
| Collenchyma cells are living | Sclerenchyma cells are dead |
| Its cell walls show uneven thickening | Cell walls show uniform thickening |
| Collenchyma provides mechanical support and elasticity to the plant body | Sclerenchyma gives strength and rigidity to the plant body |
| Collenchyma may carry out photosynthesis if chloroplast is present | Sclerenchyma never carries out the function of photosynthesis |
(v) Difference between Nervous tissue and Nervous system
| Nervous tissue | Nervous system |
| Several neurons group together to form nervous tissue | Nervous system is formed by the coordination of organs like brain and spinal cord as well as nerves. |
| Nerve tissue transmits signals or impulses within the body | Nervous system makes the organism respond suitably to its environment. |
(vi) Difference between Blood and Lymph
| Blood | Lymph |
| It is red in color | It is a colorless fluid |
| RCBs and WBCs are present | RCBs are absent, whereas WBCs are found in abundance |
| Blood transports respiratory gases, food, hormones etc. Throughout the body | Lymph protects body against infection |
(vii) Difference between Bone and Cartilage
| Bone | Cartilage |
| It is a hard and rigid tissue | It is a flexible tissue |
| It is porous | It is non-porous |
| It has a good supply of blood vessels and nerves | It has no blood vessels or nerves |
| It is the main skeletal tissue of the body and is present throughout the body | It is found only in certain parts of the body like nose, ear, bronchial tubes, rings of trachea, between vertebrae and at the end of long bones. |
| It gives shape, support and protection to the body | It provides flexibility and support to the body parts. |
(viii) Difference between Tendon and Ligament
| Tendon | Ligament |
| Tendons connect muscles to bones | Ligaments connect two bones at joints |
7. Give structure and functions of the following:
(i) Sclerenchyma
(ii) Collenchyma
(iii) Bone
(iv) Crystal
(v) Phloem
(i) Sclerenchyma
(ii) Collenchyma
(iii) Bone
(iv) Crystal
(v) Phloem
Answer
(i) Sclerencyma
Structure - Cells of sclerenchyma are dead. these cells are elongated, narrow, pointed at both ends, thick walled and lignified. Their cell walls are thick fur to secondary deposition of lignin.
Function - Sclerenchyma gives strength, rigidity and flexibility to the plant body, thereby enabling it to withstand various strains.
(ii) Collenchyma
Structure - It is a mechanical tissue consisting of living cells with usually no intercellular spaces. the cell wall is unevenly thickened and the walls are rich in hemicelluloses.
Function - collenchyma provides mechanical support and elasticity to the plant body. collenchyma may carry out photosynthesis if chloroplast is present.
(iii) Bone
Structure - It is a hard, inflexible and porous skeletal tissue well supplied with blood vessels and nerves. The bone matrix has a rigid mass of inorganic salts of calcium and magnesium. the bone cells called osteocytes are arranged in the form of thin circular layers around a central canal. Osteocytes are present in small spaces connected to one another by a system of canals.
Function - Bone gives shape, support and protection to the body parts.
(iv) Crystal
Structure - There common types of crystals are found in plants: druses (spherical crystal aggregates), raphides (long pointed needles found in bundles), and prisms. Despite the variety of crystal structures found throughout the plant cells, all crystals contain calcium oxalate.
Function - Crystals either protect plants from animals or they may provide extra support.
(v) Phloem
Structure - Phloem is a complex plant tissue found in all parts of the plant like roots, stems and leaves. It is made up of four components which are:
- Sieve tubes
- Companion cells
- Phloem parenchyma
- Phloem fibres
Function - Phloem carries out the conduction of organic food prepared by the plant.
8. How many types of epithelial tissues have you studied? Write their functions.
Answer
There are two main types of epithelial tissues. These are:
- Simple Epithelial Tissues
- Compound Epithelial Tissues
- Columnar epithelium
- Ciliated epithelium
- Cuboidal epithelium
- Squamous epithelium
- Glandular epithelium
- Sensory epithelium
- Stratified epithelium
- Transitional epithelium
- It forms a protective layer over the body and protects the underlying cells from drying up, injury, germs and harmful chemicals.
- It absorbs water and other nutrients inside the body.
- Some of these cells secrete ear wax, mucus, milk and digestive juices.
9. What is a nerve cell? Explain the importance of nervous tissue.
Answer
Answer
Nerve cell or neuron is a cell of the nervous system, capable of transmitting signals or impulses within the body. Each neuron consists of a cell body or cyton with a nucleus and elongated hair like extensions called axons and dendrites.
Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves and carries out transmission of signals or impulses within the body.
Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves and carries out transmission of signals or impulses within the body.
10. Why is blood called a tissue? Give reasons.
Answer
Blood is called a tissue since it contains many blood cells i.e. RBCs, WBCs and platelets working together to perform a common function. Blood connects the body systems together bringing the needed oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules, and removing the wastes.
11. Give structure, types and functions in brief of any two of the following:
(i) Epithelial tissue
(ii) Muscular tissue
(iii) Connective tissue
(iv) Nervous tissue
Answer
(i) Epithelial tissue
(ii) Muscular tissue
(iii) Connective tissue
(iv) Nervous tissue
Answer
(i) Epithelial tissue:
Structure: The cells of epithelium are compactly placed, tightly held together and form a continuous sheet. Epithelial cells are supported below on a basement membrane. These cells may be of different shapes and sizes.
Types:
There are two main types of epithelial tissues which are:
Types:
There are two main types of epithelial tissues which are:
- Simple and
- Compound
- It forms a protective layer over the body and protects the underlying cells from drying up, injury, germs and harmful chemicals.
- It absorbs water and other nutrients inside the body.
- Some of these cells secrete ear wax, mucus, milk and digestive juices.
(ii) Muscular tissue:
Structure: Muscle tissue consists of cells which are elongated and large-sized, hence they are also called muscle fibres. These fibres are of various sizes. Contractile proteins are present in the muscle cells which bring about their contraction and relaxation. The cytoplasm of muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm and is bounded by a membrane called sarcolemma.
Types:
Structure: Muscle tissue consists of cells which are elongated and large-sized, hence they are also called muscle fibres. These fibres are of various sizes. Contractile proteins are present in the muscle cells which bring about their contraction and relaxation. The cytoplasm of muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm and is bounded by a membrane called sarcolemma.
Types:
Muscle tissue is of three types:
- Striated muscle tissue
- Unstriated muscle tissue
- Cardiac muscle tissue
- Muscles bring about all voluntary movements done by a person.
- All the involuntary movements needed to keep the body alive are possible due to muscles.
(iii) Connective tissue:
Structure: This tissue has homogenous matrix which forms its main bulk. The connective tissue cells are living, separated from each other and are few in number. The matrix varies in size and shape and may be solid, gel like or liquid. The nature of the matrix decides the function of the connective tissue.
Types:
The following are the different types of connective tissue:
Structure: This tissue has homogenous matrix which forms its main bulk. The connective tissue cells are living, separated from each other and are few in number. The matrix varies in size and shape and may be solid, gel like or liquid. The nature of the matrix decides the function of the connective tissue.
Types:
The following are the different types of connective tissue:
- Loose areolar connective tissue
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Cartilage connective tissue
- Bone
- Fluid connective tissue
- Connective tissue connects and binds various organs of our body.
- It gives support to the body and forms the skeleton to provide a definite shape.
- It transports nutrients, hormones, oxygen and waste material within the body.
(iv) Nervous tissue:
Structure: The cells of nervous tissue is called neuron. It is capable of transmitting signals or impulses within the body. Each neuron consists of a cell body or cyton with a nucleus and elongated hair like extensions called axons and dendrites. Axons bundle together to form the nerve.
Functions:
Structure: The cells of nervous tissue is called neuron. It is capable of transmitting signals or impulses within the body. Each neuron consists of a cell body or cyton with a nucleus and elongated hair like extensions called axons and dendrites. Axons bundle together to form the nerve.
Functions:
- Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves.
- It carries out transmission of signals or impulses within the body.
12. Match the words of column A with the appropriate words of column B:
|
Column A |
Column B |
|
(a) Adipose tissue |
(i) Cyton |
|
(b) Neuron |
(ii) Unstraited muscles |
|
(c) Dark and light band |
(iii) Columnar epithelium |
|
(d) Dermis of skin |
(iv) Striated muscles |
|
(e) Sieve pits |
(v) Fat cells |
|
(f) Brick Like |
(vi) Phloem |
Answer
|
Column A |
Column B |
|
(a) Adipose tissue |
(v) Fat cells |
|
(b) Neuron |
(i) Cyton |
|
(c) Dark and light band |
(iv) Striated muscles |
|
(d) Dermis of skin |
(ii) Unstriated muscles |
|
(e) Sieve pits |
(vi) Phloem |
|
(f) Brick Like |
(iii) Columnar epithelium |
13. Name the tissue associated with the following:
(ii) Cardiac muscle tissue
(iii) Adipose tissue
(iv) Xylem
(v) Phloem
(i) Conduction of nerve impulse.
(ii) Rhythmic movement of the heart beat.
(iii) A man becoming fat.
(iv) Conduction of water in the plant body.
(v) Movement of food in the plant body
(ii) Rhythmic movement of the heart beat.
(iii) A man becoming fat.
(iv) Conduction of water in the plant body.
(v) Movement of food in the plant body
Answer
(i) Nervous tissue
(iii) Adipose tissue
(iv) Xylem
(v) Phloem
14. Name three kinds of muscles found in the human body giving one example of each.
Answer
Answer
The three kinds of muscles found in human body are:
- Striated muscle - An example is leg muscle
- Unstriated muscle - An example is muscles in walls of uterus
- Cardiac muscle - An example is heart muscle
15. Write one word for the following:
(i) A group of similar cells which perform specific functions.
(ii) An organism whose body is made up of a single cell.
(iii) A group of tissues forming a new structure.
Answer
(i) A group of similar cells which perform specific functions.
(ii) An organism whose body is made up of a single cell.
(iii) A group of tissues forming a new structure.
Answer
- Tissue
- Unicellular organism
- Organ
16. Name the tissues found
(ii) Apical meristem
(iii) Ligament
(iv) Ciliated epithelium
(v) Cuboidal epithelium
(i) at the outer layer of skin.
(ii) at the tip of a growing stem.
(iii) at the joints of two bones.
(iv) at the inner lining of the trachea.
(vi) in the testes and ovaries.
(ii) at the tip of a growing stem.
(iii) at the joints of two bones.
(iv) at the inner lining of the trachea.
(vi) in the testes and ovaries.
Answer
(i) Stratified epithelial tissue
(iii) Ligament
(iv) Ciliated epithelium
(v) Cuboidal epithelium
17. Give an outline classification of a plant or an animal tissue.
Answer
18. Where is cartilage found in man? How does it differ from bone.
Answer
In man, cartilage is found in nose, ear, bronchial tubes, rings of trachea, between vertebrae and at the end of long bones such as ribs.
It differs from bone in following ways:
| Cartilage | Bone |
| It is a flexible tissue | It is a hard and rigid tissue |
| It is non-porous | it is porous |
| It has no blood vessels or nerves | It has a good supply of blood vessels and nerves. |
| It is found only in certain parts of the bosy like nose, ear, bronchial tubes, rings of trachea, between vertebrae and at the end of long bones. | It is the main skeletal tissue of the body and is present throughout the body. |
| It provides flexibility and support to the body parts. | It gives shape, support and protection to the body. |
19. Write 'True or False' for the following statements:
(i) Sclerenchyma cells have intercellular spaces.
(ii) The end of bones are connected with ligaments.
(iii) A vascular bundle conducts prepared food only.
(iv) A tracheid is longer than a vessel.
(v) Unicellular glands are called as globet cells.
(vi) Fibroblast cells are phagocytic in nature.
Answer
(i) Sclerenchyma cells have intercellular spaces.
(ii) The end of bones are connected with ligaments.
(iii) A vascular bundle conducts prepared food only.
(iv) A tracheid is longer than a vessel.
(v) Unicellular glands are called as globet cells.
(vi) Fibroblast cells are phagocytic in nature.
Answer
(i) False
(ii) True
(iii) False
(iv) True
(v) True
(vi) True
(ii) True
(iii) False
(iv) True
(v) True
(vi) True
20. Every question has four answers. Choose the correct answer:
(i) Hard lignified thick walled, long and pointed cells in a plant are
(a) parenchyma
(b) sclerenchyma
(c) collenchyma
(d) sclereids
(a) parenchyma
(b) sclerenchyma
(c) collenchyma
(d) sclereids
Answer
(b) sclerenchyma
(b) sclerenchyma
(ii) A group of cells alike in form, function and origin is called
(a) organ
(b) organelles
(c) tissue
(d) none of the above
Answer
(a) organ
(b) organelles
(c) tissue
(d) none of the above
Answer
(c) tissue
(iii) A component of xylem is
(a) sieve tube
(b) sclereid
(c) medullary ray
(d) tracheid
Answer
(a) sieve tube
(b) sclereid
(c) medullary ray
(d) tracheid
Answer
(d) tracheid
(iv) The parenchymatous tissue is
(a) dead
(b) thin walled and living
(c) thick-walled
(d) made up of cellulose
Answer
(a) dead
(b) thin walled and living
(c) thick-walled
(d) made up of cellulose
Answer
(b) thin walled and living
(v) Collenchymatous hypodermis is found in
(a) monocot roots
(b) dicot roots
(c) monocot stems
(d) dicot stems
Answer
(a) monocot roots
(b) dicot roots
(c) monocot stems
(d) dicot stems
Answer
(d) dicot stems
(vi) Phloem parenchyma, sclerenchyma, sieve tubes and companion cells are found in
(a) xylem
(b) phloem
(c) cambium
(d) cortex
Answer
(a) xylem
(b) phloem
(c) cambium
(d) cortex
Answer
(b) phloem
(vii) Lymph can be defined as
(a) blood devoid of RBCs
(b) blood devoid of WBCs
(c) blood devoid of corpuscles
(d) none of the above
Answer
(a) blood devoid of RBCs
(b) blood devoid of WBCs
(c) blood devoid of corpuscles
(d) none of the above
Answer
(a) blood devoid of RBCs
(viii) Connective tissue connects
(a) one bone to another
(b) two muscles
(c) a bone to nerve
(d) a muscle to nerve
Answer
(a) one bone to another
(b) two muscles
(c) a bone to nerve
(d) a muscle to nerve
Answer
(a) one bone to another
(ix) Cardiac muscles are
(a) striated and voluntary
(b) with ten mitochondria
(c) non-striated
(d) striated and involuntary
Answer
(a) striated and voluntary
(b) with ten mitochondria
(c) non-striated
(d) striated and involuntary
Answer
(d) striated and involuntary
(x) Blood is which type of tissue
(a) vascular connective tissue
(b) skeletal tissue
(c) alveolar connective tissue
(d) endodermal tissue
(a) vascular connective tissue
(b) skeletal tissue
(c) alveolar connective tissue
(d) endodermal tissue
Answer
(a) vascular connective tissue