ICSE Solutions and Questions Answers for The Subordinate Court (State Judiciary) Class 10 Civics
We are going to learn the ICSE Solutions of sixth chapter of the Civics textbook of Class 10. The name of the chapter is The Subordinate Court (The State Judiciary). All types of questions including very short answer type, short answer type, structured questions and questions based on picture perception has been provided. This ICSE solutions for The Subordinate Court (The State Judiciary) will help the students in learning the chapter outcome.
| Name of the chapter | The Subordinate Court (The State Judiciary) |
| Subject | History and Civics |
| Topics covered |
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| Related Readings |
Very Short Questions
1. What qualifications are required to District Judge?
Answer
In order to be a District Judge or an Additional District Judge a person should be an advocate of seven year's standing or an official in the Judicial Service of the Union or the State Public Service Commission.
2. What is the administrative power of a District Judge?
Answer
Usually, the District Judge also acts as a Deputy Commissioner and District Collector. In that capacity, he maintains law and order as well as supervises the collection of revenue and taxes from the district. Thus, he possesses administrative power in addition to his judicial power.
3. Mention the administrative control of High Court on the Subordinate Courts.
Answer
The High court judges are deputed to inspect the working of the Subordinate Courts. The Subordinate Courts a supposed to send their periodic reports to the High Court about the disposal of the cases by them in a certain time-frame.
4. How is the District Judge appointed?
Answer
The District Judge is appointed by the State Governor in consultation with the Chief justice of the High Court.
5. Mention one administrative power of a District Judge.
Answer
The District Judge maintains law and order of the area which is under his administration. lie also supervises the collection of revenue and taxes from the district. Thus the district Judge also functions as Deputy Commissioner / Collector.
6. Name the lowest and the highest Revenue Courts.
Answer
The lowest Revenue Court is the court of Tehsildar. The highest Revenue Court is the Court of Collector.
7. What type of cases are dealt in the Revenue Courts?
Answer
The Revenue Courts deal with the cases of land records as well as the assessment and collection of land revenue from the farmers.
8. State the Jurisdiction of Session Court?
Answer
The Sessions Court deals with cases concerning serious offences such as robbery, dacoit and murder. The Sessions or Additional Sessions Judge alone can award death sentences or life imprisonment. It is mandatory that a sentence of death must be confirmed by the High Court.
9 Name the Courts at the District level.
Answer
The Courts at the District level are:
- Civil Courts
- Criminal Courts
- Revenue Courts.
10. Mention two types of Subordinate Courts in a state.
OR
What are the two types of Subordinate Courts in States?
Answer
Two types of Subordinate Courts in a state are:
(i) Civil Court.
(ii) Criminal Court.
11. Who is the highest Judicial Officer in a District?
Answer
The District Judge is the highest Judicial Officer in a District.
12. Which is the highest Court of Justice for civil cases at the District level?
Answer
The Civil Court-Court of District Judge.
13. What is the main job of a Collector in a District?
Answer
The main job of a Collector is the administration of a district.
14. How are the District Judges in a State appointed?
Answer
The District Judges in a State are appointed by the Governor of the State in accordance with rules made by him after consultation with the State Public Revenue Commission and the High Court.
15. Name the highest Criminal Court in a District.
Answer
The Sessions Court.
16. What is the designation of a District Judge when he deals with criminal cases?
Answer
When a District Judge deals with criminal cases he is called a Sessions Judge.
17. Which Court can award Death Sentence?
Answer
The Sessions Court can award a death sentence, which has to be confirmed by a High Court.
18. When did the Criminal Procedure Act come into effect?
Answer
The Criminal Procedure Act came into effect on 319t March 1973.
19. Who exercises control over the Judicial Magistrates?
Answer
High Court exercises control over the Judicial Magistrate.
20. Who exercises control over the Executive Magistrates?
Answer
The State Government exercises control over the Executive Magistrates.
21. What sentence can a Court of Judicial Magistrate of first class award in a case?
Answer
Court of Judicial Magistrate of first class can impose a fine of 1,000 and award imprisonment upto two years or both.
22. Mention two different designations, which the highest Judicial Officer of a District holds.
Answer
The highest Judicial Officer in a district is the 'District Judge'. His other designation is 'District and Sessions Judge'
23. What is Board of Revenue?’
Answer
This is the highest Revenue Court in a State. It works under the High Court. It hears appeals against the decision of the Lower Revenue Court.
Short Answer Type
1. How are the judges appointed at the District level?
Answer
The District Judge and the Additional District Judge are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the Judges of High Court of the concerned State. Except the District Judge and the Additional District Judge, all other judges are appointed through competitive examinations held by State Public Service Commission.
2 Mention any three administrative powers of a High Court over Subordinate Court.
Answer
The administrative powers are:
- It can send for detailed report on the working of the Subordinate Court.
- It can transfer a District Judge.
- It can frame rules to regulate the proceedings of the subordinate courts.
3. Mention the hierarchy of Civil Courts in a district.
Answer
The hierarchy of Civil Courts in a district is
- The District Judge.
- The Additional District Judge
- Subordinate Civil Judge (1st Class)
- The Court of Sub-Judge (or Munsifs Court)
- Court of Small Causes.
4. Which is the highest criminal court in a district? Which type of cases does this Court deal with?
Answer
The highest criminal court is the court of the Session Judge. The Sessions Court deals with cases concerning more serious offences such as robbery, decoy and murder. The Sessions or Additional Sessions Judges alone can award death sentences or life imprisonment. It is mandatory that a sentence of death must be confirmed by the High Court.
5. What do you mean by subordinates court?
Answer
A state is divided into districts for judicial administration. There are Civil and Criminal Courts in every Judicial District; these are under the High Court's control in their working and administration of justice. That is why these are called the Subordinate Courts.
6. Name the highest civil court of the district. What type of cases is handled by it?
Answer
The Court of District Judge is the highest civil court of the district. The Civil Courts hear cases of land. Property, money transactions, marriage, divorce, will and guardianship.
7. What do you understand by a Lok Adalat?
Answer
A Lok Adalat means °People's Court°. It encourages the settlement of disputes through compromise between two parties. All decisions of the Lok Adalats shall be deemed to be decrees of a Civil Courts and shall be binding on the panics to the dispute.
8. What are the Advantages of Lok Adalat?
Answer
- The Lok Adalats work in the spirit of compromise. This way both the panics feel that they have been treated fairly.
- The decisions passed by a Lok Adalat are final and binding on the parties. No appeal lies before any court against its decision.
- A Lok Adalat reduces the workload of other courts.
- A Lok Adalat delivers speedy and inexpensive justice.
9. Who Initiated Lok Adalat?
Answer
Lok Adalat courts were set up on the recommendation of Justice P. N. Shagwati to encourage the settlement of disputes speedily and through compromise between the parties. The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides that state or district authorities shall organise Lok Adalats from time to the time.
10. What Is scope of Lok Adalat?
Answer
These courts can play an important role in the settlement of family feuds, disputes between the neighbours and minor cases of assault and injury. In Delhi, permanent Lok Adalats have been set up for settlement of all pending disputes concerning Delhi Development Authority.
11. What is Family Court?
Answer
The Family Courts Act was enacted in 1984 which provides to set up family courts in cities having population more than 10 latch. The main purpose of these courts is to secure speedy settlement of disputes relating to marriage, family affairs and related matters. All state governments/1..T Administration have been asked to set up one family court in each district of the country.
12. How does Lok Atha benefit the weaker sections of the society?
Answer
- There is no court fee and even if the case is already filed in the regular court, the fee paid will be refunded if the dispute is settled at the Lok Adalat.
- One can move Lok Adalat by an application on a plain paper or format available with Legal Services Authorities. There is no strict application of the procedural laws.
- These are helpful for the weaker section as they cannot afford the delay or the costs involved on court procedures.
13. Name the different types of Civil Courts.
Answer
- Small Courts or Petty Courts.
- Munsif's Courts.
- Court of the Civil Judge or Sub-Judge.
- Court of District Judge.
14. What are the qualifications required for a District Judge?
Answer
The following qualifications are required for a District Judge:
- He/She must be a citizen of India.
- He/She must have been an advocate or a pleader for seven years in any Court of Law.
- His/Her name must be recommended by the High Court for a post.
15. What are the qualifications for the Judges other than the District Judge?
Answer
(i) He/She must have passed the competitive examination for State Judicial Service held by the State Public Service Commission.
(ii) He must have the requisite qualifications prescribed by the State Public Service Commission in consultation with the High Court.
16. Mention one administrative function of a District Judge.
Answer
(i) The District Judge in his administrative capacity exercises supervision over all the Civil Courts in his District.
(ii) He maintains the leave and service records of all those working under him.
17. State one point of distinction between the District Judge and the Session Judge.
Answer
When a Judge sitting in the District Court hears cases on civil matters, he is a District Judge. Whereas, when he or she sits in the Session Court to hear criminal cases, he is termed as a Session Judge.
18. What is meant by Lok Adalat?
Answer
Lok Adalat: Lok Adalat means People's Court'. On the recommendation of Justice Bhagwati, Lok Adalats were set-up to provide legal and quick justice to those who are not in a position to engage lawyers or bear the expenses of legal proceedings. This eliminated high costs and delays in imparting justice. It is not only a faster and cheaper way of settling disputes, but it also relieves the courts of heavy backlog of cases. Voluntary organisations organise such courts at places like factories, farms, commercial complexes to settle disputes in the spirit of harmony and compromise.
19. Discuss in brief about the scope of Lok Adalats.
Answer
The concept of Lok Adalat is Gandhian in spirit and is consistent with the ideals enshrined in the Constitution of India. It is an extension of the Panchayat spirit in the Judicial System. The judges in the Lok Adalat are conciliators rather than legal Judges. They explain the legal points to the litigants in an informal manner. The great scope of Lok Adalats is in the factories where the disputes between employers and employees are frequent and also in various Government departments. They can also ameliorate the conditions of farm workers and unorganized workers of different sectors through their human approach.
20. Discuss about the advantages of Lok Adalats.
Answer
The Lok Adalats have been functioning in Delhi, Gujarat and some other States. They have the following advantages:
- The Lok Adalats work in the spirit of compromise and understanding, as a result both the parties feel satisfied.
- It saves money, time and unnecessary harassment.
- The Lok Adalats can relieve the Law Courts of the heavy backlog of the cases.
- It reduces delay in the disposal of cases.
Long Answer Type
1. Chalk out the distinction between Court of the District Judge and Sessions Court.
Answer
|
Court of the District Judge |
Sessions Court |
|
1. Highest civil court of the district. |
Highest criminal court of the district. |
|
2. Presided over by a District Judge. |
Presided over by a Sessions Judge. |
|
3. The District Judge and the Additional District Judges are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the concerned State. |
The Sessions Judge and the Additional Sessions Judges are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the concerned State. |
|
4. The District Judge decides civil cases related to land, property, money transactions, arbitration, guardianship, marriage, divorce and will. |
The Sessions Judge decides Criminal cases murders, theft. decoity, pick-pocketing, etc. |
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5. The District Judge acts as a Deputy Commissioner and District Collector and in this capacity he maintains law and order and supervises the collection of revenue and taxes in the district. |
The Sessions Judge does not perform any administrative functions.
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2. Name the three types of courts at the district level. Explain the different categories of cases that fall under the jurisdiction of Civil Court.
Answer
Types of District Level Courts: The organization and structure of the Subordinate Courts are generally uniform throughout the country. The administration of justice in each district in India is entrusted to three types of Courts.
Civil Court: The District Civil Court is presided over by a District Judge who is also a Sessions Judge. It exercises both judicial and administrative powers. Civil Courts hear cases related to disputes or cases related to land, property, money transactions, divorce and guardianship over a minor or a lunatic. These Courts are further graded as given below:
- Court of the Civil Judge or Sub Judge: Next to the District Judge is the Court of a Civil or Senior Subordinate Judge or Sub Judge. This Court deals with cases involving a sum not more than Z 5,000. Appeals against this Court can be brought to the District Judge.
- Subordinate or Munsif's Court: A Subordinate or Munsif Judge may be of first class or second class with varying jurisdiction. A Munsif deals with the civil cases involving not more than 2,000. Appeals against his decisions lie with the Sub Judge.
- Small Court or Petty Court: The junior most Magistrates head these Courts. They deal with cases of nominal money value. There is no appeal against their decision.
3. Explain the different categories of cases that fall under the jurisdiction of Criminal Court.
Answer
Criminal Courts: From 31st March, 1973, a new Criminal Procedure Act came into effect. Criminal Courts deal with criminal cases. These courts are divided into four categories:
(i) The Session Courts: The Session Court is the highest Criminal Court in a district. The District Judge of the Civil Court also works as the Session Judge. Cases of murder, dacoity, and of the sort are heard by the Sessions Judge. He can award Capital punishment subject to the approval of the High Court.
(ii) Court of Judicial Magistrates of First Class: Below Session Court there is the Court of Judicial Magistrates of first class. It hears the appeals against the decisions of the second class Judicial Magistrates.
(iii) Court of the Judicial Magistrate of Second Class: The Second Class Magistrate can try cases involving imprisonment up to six months and fines upto 200/- or both. He enjoys Original jurisdiction in all cases which come to him in the first instance.
(iv) Court of the Judicial Magistrate of Third Class: A Magistrate of this Court hears criminal cases of simple or individual quarrels and cases of rioting. He can award imprisonment for not more than one month and a fine upto Z 50.
4. There are different categories of cases that are dealt by the Revenue courts. Discuss them.
Answer
Revenue Courts: These Courts deals with cases relating to the assessment and collection of land revenue as well as property tax. These Courts are divided into different categories which are given below in their descending order.
(i) The Board of Revenue: The highest Revenue Court in a District is the Board of Revenue. It works under the High Court. It hears appeals against the decision of lower Revenue Courts.
(ii) Commissioners Court: A Commissioner, with the assistance of three to four Deputy Commissioner, look after the assessment and collection of revenue in his areas.
(iii) Collectors Court: This Court is generally headed by the Deputy Commissioner of a District. Besides discharging his original function as the administration of the District, he helps the revenue department in assessment and collection of revenue.
(iv) Tehsildars Court: A Tehsildar is responsible for collection of the revenue and property taxes as assessed by the Naib Tehsildar's court.
(v) Naib Tehsildar's Court: It is the lowest Court. It hear cases relating to the assessment of the land revenue and property taxes from farmers.
5. What is meant by Lok Adalat?
Answer
Lok Adalats are presided over by judicial officers and other persons, who possess such qualifications as may be prescribed by the State. They make an endeavour to bring compromise or agreement between the parties. On October 6, 1985 for the first time the Lok Adalats were held in Delhi. Justice P. N. Bhagwati inaugurated the Adalats. On the first day, five Lok Adalats were held. On this day 116 persons received compensation to the tune of 35 lakhs. These people had been contesting their motor accident claims since 1978-79. Delhi Transport Corporation immediately made payment to the aggrieved parties. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provided that State or district authorities will organize Lok Adalats from time to time. All decisions of the Lok Adalats are now deemed to be decrees of a Civil Court and shall be binding on the parties to the dispute. Upto December 31, 1997 more than seventeen thousand Lok Adalats had been held in different parts of the country. They heard and settled about 68.86 lakh cases. In more than three lakh motor vehicles accident cases, compensation amounting to more than a thousand crore of rupees was awarded.