ICSE Solutions and Questions Answers for Second Phase of the Indian National Movement Class 10 History
We are going to learn the ICSE Solutions of fourth chapter of the History textbook of Class 10. The name of the chapter is Second Phase of the Indian National Movement. All types of questions including very short answer type, short answer type, structured questions and questions based on picture perception has been provided. This ICSE solutions for Second Phase of the Indian National Movement will help the students in learning the chapter outcome.
| Name of the chapter | Second Phase of the Indian National Movement |
| Subject | History and Civics |
| Topics covered |
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| Related Readings |
Very Short Questions
1. Why one of the sections of the Congress was called the 'Assertive Nationalists'?Answer
A section of the Congress was called the Assertives because they were more radical in their demands and believed in a more Assertive form of nationalism.
Answer
The main aim of the Assertives was to gain complete independence of India and not dominion status as claimed by the Moderates.
OR
Which class of people in general believed in the policies and programmes of the Assertives?
Answer
The people of lower middle classes, the students, workers and farmers supported the Assertives.
Answer
The Moderates believed in publishing petitions and memorandums to bring about changes, but the Assertive Nationalists favoured vigorous mass movements to press the British Government to concede Indian demands.
Answer
The conflict between the two came to the surface in the Congress session held in 1906.
6. When did the Congress split into two blocs?
Answer
The Congress split into Moderates and the Assertive Nationalists at the Surat Session of the Congress held in 1907.
Answer
The British Government followed the policy of repression against the Assertives.
Answer
The Moderates were led by Feroz Shah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Surendranath Banerjee.
OR
Name the leaders who constituted the Assertives trio in the early years of the twentieth century.
Answer
The Assertive were led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai at the time of the Congress split. They were also called Lal-Bal-Pal.
Answer
They wanted to oust the imperial regime by means of mass struggle because they felt that the old mendicancy could not prove effective.
11. Mention three methods of the Assertives proposed for attaining independence.
Answer
The Assertives proposed the following three methods for the attainment of independence:
(i) Swadeshi,
(ii) Boycott,
(iii) National Education.
12. Mention any two principles of the Aggressive Nationalists.
Answer
(i) Freedom is the birth right of every Indian.
(ii) Supported the swadeshi goods against the use of imported goods.
13. What was Swadeshi and Boycott of Foreign goods movements?
AnswerAnswer
The radicals desired that a National Scheme of Education be put in place to replace the Government controlled schools, colleges and universities.
Short Answer Questions
Answer
The period from 1905 to 1918 was marked by the emergence of a new group of leaders within the Congress known as Assertive Nationalists. They stood for complete Swaraj and encourage aggressive methods in politics such as boycott of British goods, Government Services and title to achieve their aim. They were so called because they had a Assertive outlook that advocated active resistance to British imperialism.
2. Name three prominent Assertive Nationalist leaders. What was the aim of the Assertive Nationalists as far as the national movement was concerned?
Answer
(i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
(ii) Bipin Chandra Pal
(iii) Lala Lajpat Rai.
The main aim of the Assertive Nationalist was to get a larger share for Indians in the administration of their country and to end Britain's economic exploitation of India.
Answer
The aggressive nationalists had four planks of the programme namely; Revivalism, Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education.
(i) Revivalism. The extremists sought to build national movement on the basis of people's religious belief. Thus, Tilak revived the Shivaji festival in 1895 and presented Rana Pratap, Shivaji as national heroes.
(ii) Swadeshi. The concept of Swadeshi was based on the use of home-made products so as to encourage, Indian industries and provide the people with more opportunities for work and employment
(iii) Boycott. Boycott meant boycott of British goods along with government service, honours and titles.
(iv) National Education. New educational institutions were to be opened to give both Religious as well as Political education. National education also included secular, moral and vocational education.
5. Mention any one reason for the rise of Assertive Nationalism. Why the educated Indians turned against the British.
Answer
The failure of the Early Nationalists to get anything substantial from the British government. The educated Indians turned against the British because they became unemployed and were not appointed to high post. This created a feeling of frustration among them.
6. List any two international events that shattered the myth of European superiority.
Answer
Italy's defeat in Ethiopia in 1896 and Japan's victory over Rus in 1905, shattered the myth of European superiority.
7. Mention any two measures that show that Lord Curzon's policies were repressive.
Answer
(i) The Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899
(ii) The Universities Act of 1904
8. Who is known as the 'Father of Assertive Nationalism? To which state did he belong?
Answer
Bal Gangadhar Tilak is known as the 'Father of Assertive Nationalism'. He was born in a Maratha family at Ratnagiri in Maharashtra.
9. Name the two books written by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Answer
(i) Gita Rahasya
(ii) Arctic home in the Vedas
10. What efforts did Tilak make to instil the spirit of nationalism in Indians?
AnswerAnswer
Answer
Answer
(ii) The Swadeshi Movement helped in the revival of Indian handicrafts and cottage industries.
Answer
Answer
Answer
17. What classes of people were brought into the Congress by the Assertive Nationalists?
Answer
Structured Questions
Answer
The people of various parts of India, especially Southern India, suffered from several droughts and famines between 18861900 resulting in 45 lakh deaths. The Government machinery was slow in providing relief and on the other hand, wasted money on the Silver Jubliee celebrations of Queen Victoria's accession. When Tilak, attacked the policy of Government in the Kesari and the Mahratta, he was sentenced to 18 month imprisonment. Even the soldiers, who were deputed to take the plague infected people to isolation camps, behaved like gang of invaders, insulting women and throwing household goods on the streets. It sent a wave of resentment through the Indian which ultimately paved way for the rise of Assertive Nationalism.
(a) What were the issues on which the two wings of the Congress had differences of opinion? How did the British exploit the differences between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists?
(b) What was the effect of the split between the two wings of the Congress on the National Movement?
(c) Why did the Assertive Nationalists adopt the policy of non-cooperation with the British Government? Name the assertive nationalist leader who organised akharas and lathi clubs. Why were these organised?
Answer
(a) The Assertive Nationalists proposed the name of Lala Lajpat Rai as President of the Surat Session. The Early Nationalists proposed the name of Rashbehari Ghosh. When the session at Surat began in December 1907 there was utter confusion. This led to the split in the Congress and the Assertive Nationalist leaders were expelled for nine years. The split in the Congress was unfortunate because it gave an opportunity to the British to exploit the situation to their advantage. They adopted a policy of 'concession and repression' - Concession for the Early Nationalists as well as the Muslims and repression to the Assertive Nationalists.
(b) The Surat split weakened the National Movement. The Early Nationalists, however, were largely ableto cpture the congress organisation and in the Allahabad convention held in April 1908, the split was formalised.
(c) Assertive Nationalists believed that their objectives to get a larger share for Indians in the administration of India and economic exploitation of country could not be realised without pressure tactics and some sort of direct action. Hence Assertive Nationalists adopted the policy of non-cooperation and resistance to unjust acts of the British Government. Akharas and Lathi Clubs were organised by Tilak in order to make youth brave to defy British Raj and establish Swaraj.
(a) Differentiate Assertive Nationalist between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their objectives and achievements, stating one objective and two achievements of each wing of the Congress.
(b) Name the Assertive leader known as the forerunner of Gandhiji. Why is the person known as the forerunner of Gandhiji?
(c) Explain how the repressive policies of Lord Curzon and the influence of International events led to Assertive Nationalism.
Answer
(a) The Early Nationalist agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms. They wanted that the Indians should have some say in the government and administration of the country. It was only in 1906 that under the pressure from the aggressive that they talked about 'Swaraj' as their goal. The Swaraj' as defined by them meant, a system of government as found in the self-governing British Colonies.
The Aggressive Nationalists on the other hand, demanded 'Purna Swaraj' - self-government as it existed in the United Kingdom.
Achievements of Aggressive Nationalist:
- Self-confidence: At that time, the moral of Indian people was very low. The Agressive Nationalists instilled self confidence and self-reliance among the people. They believed that Independence would come to India only when Indians were strong enough to snatch it from British hands.
- Revival of Indian Handicrafts: By propagating, Boycott and Swadeshi, they helped the revival of Indian handicrafts and cottage industries.
Achievements of Early Nationalist:
- Foundation of Secular and Democratic National Movement: The early nationalist leaders established a movement that incorporated people of all religions, castes, creeds, regions and colour. They were successful in promoting the spirit of common brotherhood surpassing religious and regional diversities.
- Political Education of the Indians: They were successful to a great extent in arousing political awakening and national consciousness among the Indians. They popularised the ideas of democracy and civil liberties among the people of India.
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the forerunner of Gandhiji.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was known as a forerunner of Gandhiji because of the following reason:
- Gandhiji's ideals were moulded by Tilak's thoughts in a big way. Gandhiji laid great stress on prohibition, Swadeshi and Boycott. All these had been preached and practised by Tilak much before Gandhiji did so.
- Gandhiji's ideal of complete independence was similar to Tilak's ideal of Swaraj.
(c) Lord Curzon adopted repressive policy towards Indians. Lord Curzon had no sympathy with the aspirations of the people of India. The anti Indian attitude of Lord Curzon made the Indians to lose all hopes of political and economic advances. He passed the following Acts against the Indians.
- Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899: Under this Act the elected members of the corporation were reduced to half.
- The Universities Act of 1904: Under this Act, the governing bodies of the universities were to be reconstructed.
- Act of 1898: The Act of 1898 made it an offence to provoke people against the English.
- The official Secrets Act: This Act was passed in 1904.Under this Act, even the leakage of ordinary information regarding civil administration was considered illegal.
- Partition of Bengal: Lord Curzon's most unpopular decision was the Partition of Bengal which he announced in 1903 and carried out in 1905.
(a) Mention two associations which served as the forerunners (precursors) of the India National Congress. Who were the founders of the two associations?
(b) Differentiate between the methods adopted by the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists.
(c) State two contributions each of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Lala Lajpat Rai.
Answer
(a) (i) The East India Association by Dada Bhai Naoroji in 1866.
(ii) Poona Sarvajanik Sabha under Justice Ranade in 1870. The East India Association was founded by Dada Bhai Naoroji on October 1, 1866. Indian Association was founded by Surendernath Banerjee.
(b) (i) Early Nationalists were loyal to the British crown whereas the Assertive Nationalists were not loyal to the British crown.
(ii) The Early Nationalists wanted autonomy within British Empire whereas the Assertive Nationalists wanted 'Complete Independence of India'.
(c) (i) In 1902 Gokhale became the member of the imperial Legislative Council. He pleaded in the Council for reduction in Salt Duty and the abolition of excise duty on cotton goods.
(ii) Being an economist, he demanded radical changes in the fiscal policy and better jobs for the educated middle class.
(iii) He impressed upon the government to reduce the land revenue.
Contribution to the freedom movement:
Lala Lajpat Rai contributed to the country's freedom much. He sacrificed his life for his country and became a martyr. He aroused political consciousness and intensified the movement of Swadeshi and Boycott. He preached radical nationalism through his own newspaper named the young India. He was fearless and true lover of his country. He followed Tilak. He boldly and fearlessly supported the Non-cooperation movement with Gandhiji. He was against the policy of Moderation. His death caused a great resentment among the terrorists and they shook the government by their activities.
(a) His political beliefs.
(b) Means he employed to arouse Nationalistic passions.
(c) Ways in which he was the forerunner of Gandhi.
(b) Tilak adopted several means to arouse a national passions. In 1893, he started the Ganapati festival in Maharashtra and later revived the Shivaji festival in 1895. The aim was to instil a spirit of discipline and patriotism among the masses. Besides, he organised Akharas (places for wrestling) and Lathi Clubs in Maharashtra to make youth brave enough to defy the British Raj. Again, in 1896, he led a no-rent campaign to expose the British who misruled our country.
(c) Gandhi regarded Gokhale as his political Guru, though his ideals were moulded by Tilak. Gandhi's stress on prohibition, Swadeshi and Boycott had been preached and practised by Tilak much before Gandhi. Secondly, Gandhi's ideal of complete independence was similar to Tilak's idea of Swaraj.
(a) Mention his political aims.
(b) State his ideas on National Education.
(c) What remedies did he propose to eradicate India's poverty and unemployment?
Answer
(a) Bipin Chandra Pal popularly known as the Father of Revolutionary Thought in India, played an important role in awakening National consciousness in India. He joined Congress in 1887 and through his forceful speeches pleaded for the repeal of the Arms Act. In 1890, he toured England, France and the United States where he mobilised mass opinion for granting political rights to the Indians. Back home, he participated in several sessions of Congress and greatly contributed towards the growth of National consciousness.
(b) Bipin Chandra wanted education to be organised on Nationalistic lines, so that it would arouse Nationalistic passions against the foreign rule. Secondly, it would become an effective instrument of social progress. He strongly disliked those educated. Indians who identified with the ruling class and had contempt for the common people.
(c) Bipin Chandra Pal, was one of the mightiest prophets of Nationalism. He not only mobilised mass opinion on granting of political rights to India, but also proposed following remedies for eradication of India's poverty and unemployment.
- He stood for development of industries in the country, so as to make India self-sufficient both politically and economically.
- He proposed high taxation rate on rich so as to spend the money available on education and health.
- Work hour to be forty-eight hours in a week along with increase in wages.
- He preached Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty, unemployment and to improve the economic conditions of the people,
(a) Failure of the Early Nationalists.
(b) Repressive policies of Lord Curzon.
(c) International Events
Answer
(a) The younger elements within the Congress were dissatisfied with the achievements of the Early Nationalists. They strongly criticised the methods of peaceful constitutional agitation The Assertive Nationalists advocated the adoption of European revolutionary methods to meet British imperialism. The Early Nationalists were loyal to the crown and their political objective was to improve their chances of getting seats in the Central Provincial legislatures or judicial services. The Assertive Nationalists accused the Early Nationalists of limiting their activities to the middle class of the society. The failure of the Early Nationalists to get something substantial from the British government led to the demand for more vigorous political action using a radical approach.
(b) Lord Curzon's seven-year rule in India which was full of missions, omissions and commissions created a sharp reaction in the Indian mind. The Delhi Darbar held in 1903, came at a time when India had not fully recovered from devastating effects of the famine of 1899-1900. Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899, reduced the elected members of the corporation to half, similarly, the Universities Act of 1904, was to reconstruct the governing bodies of the universities by reducing their autonomy. The Sedition Act and Official Secrets Act curtailed the liberties of all sections of the society. Lord Curzon was an imperialist, who was deadly opposed to Indian nationalism. His reactionary policies hence triggered the rise of extremism.
(c) The early years of the 20th century were marked by revolutions against the oppressive regimes all around the world. The Boers in South Africa fought against the mighty British Rule; people in Ireland were waging a full scale, Home Rule agitations. Revolutionary movements were going on in China, Egypt, Russia, Turkey and Iran. Such international events filled courage and inspiration in the minds of Indians. Further, Italy's defeat in Ethiopia (1896) and Japan's victory over Russia (1905) shattered the myth of European superiority. Thus, Indians were inspired to intensify their struggle against the Britishers.
(a) Aims of the Assertive Nationalists.
(b) Methods used by them.
(c) Achievements of the Assertive Nationalists.
Answer
(a) (i) Establishment of self-government by driving out the English off the country. The supremacy of the civilization and Indian culture to be restored.
(ii) Swadeshi goods to be used in place of manufacture goods (Foreign goods)
(iii) Freedom is never granted or given by requests and petitions. The rulers who have won a country after waging costly wars and making immense sacrifices shall not leave India by making merely requests. The Britishers have made India a market and England has become prosperous only due to that. It is logical that the Britishers will not take a step which will adversely effect the economy of their country. Therefore it is merely a whim to expect rights by making petitions.
(iv) The main aim of the Assertive Nationalist was the immediate attainment of Swaraj. This means complete independence and not just self-government as in colonies of Australia, New Zealand etc.
(b) The Assertive Nationalists had four planks of the programme namely; Revivalism, Swadeshi Boycott and National Education.
- Revivalism. The extremists sought to build national movement on the basis of people's religious belief. Thus, Tilak revived the Shivaji festival in 1895 and presented Rana Pratap, Shivaji as national heroes.
- Swadeshi. The concept of Swadeshi was based on the use of home — made products so as to encourage, Indian industries and provide the people with more opportunities for work and employment
- Boycott. Boycott meant boycott of British goods along with government service, honours and titles.
- National Education. New educational institutions were to be opened to give both Religious as well as Political education. National Education also included secular, moral and vocational education.
(c) Assertive Nationalists played a very important part in the freedom movement of India. Their achievements can be discussed as follows:
- Sturdy Nationalism. Assertive Nationalists lived a life given to utmost suffering and sacrifice, which truly inspired the youth. Again Bal Gangadhar Tilak through his writing in the Mahratta and Kesari preached Sturdy Nationalism.
- Self reliance the Watch Word. They preached the method of self-respect and self-effort and asked the Nationalists to rely on the character and strength of the Indian masses.
- Stimulus to Indian industries. They tried to cripple the administration by propagating the use of Swadeshi i.e. homemade goods, which in way, gave a great stimulus to Indian handicrafts and cottage industries.
- Swadeshi developed as a political weapon. The Boycott and Swadeshi movement gave impetus to the Nationalistic sentiments and united the whole nation in a bid to cast away the yoke of the foreign rule.
- Broadened the social base. Assertive Nationalists by extending the membership to the masses i.e., the peasants, workers, women and youths made the National Movement, initially confined to small numbers, to a mass movement.
- Emergence of Revolutionary Movement in India. Though the Extremists had never preached bloody revolution, yet their ideals and activities were sufficient to make the public opinion more aggressive and violent. Hence, produced a class of revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Khudiram Bose and Chander Shekhar Azad who later shook the very foundation of British authority. In a way, they made British realise that their days on the Indian soil were numbered.
(a) Briefly mention his ideas.
(b) Give evidence to show that he was a true patriot.
(c) State his contribution to the freedom movement.
Answer
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai was an Indian author and politician who is chiefly remembered as a leader in the Indian fight for freedom from the British Raj. He became a large believer in the idea that Hinduism, above nationality, was the pivotal point upon which an Indian life-style must be based. Hinduism, he believed, led to practices of peace to humanity, and the idea that when nationalist ideas were added to this peaceful belief system, a non-secular nation could be formed. Lajpat Rai engaged heavily in direct action and protest against British rule. He led the Punjab protests against the Amritsar Massacre (1919), the Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-1922), and the "Simon go back" demonstrations against the Simon Commission (1928) India had been able to save herself from total subversion so far only because the spirit of nationalism has surfaced again and again. But that spirit cannot serve for long unless it evolves and speaks in its own language.
(b) In 1928 while leading a procession at Lahore against the Simon Commission he was injured in a lathi charge. He succumbed to his injuries a month later on November 17, 1928. On the day he was wounded he said, 'Lathi blows inflicted on me would prove some day as nails in the coffin of the British empire.' His prophecy was fulfilled on 15th August 1947.
(c) Contribution to the freedom movement: Lala Lajpat Rai contributed to the country's freedom much. He sacrificed his life for his country and became a martyr. He aroused political consciousness and intensified the movement of political consciousness and intensified the movement of Swadeshi and Boycott. He preached radical nationalism through his own newspaper named the young India. He was fearless and true lover of his country. He followed Tilak. He boldly and fearlessly supported the Non-cooperation movement with Gandhiji. He was against the policy of Moderation. His death caused a great resentment among the terrorists and they shook the government by their activities.
Picture Based Questions
(a) Identify the persons 'A' and 'B' given above. To which section of the Congress did each belong and what were their ultimate objectives?
Answer
A-Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He belongs to Early Nationalist phase.
B-Lala Lajpat Rai. He belongs to Assertive Nationalists
Ultimate Objectives:
The Early Nationalist agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms. They wanted that the Indians should have some say in the government and administration of the country. It was only in 1906 that under the pressure from the Aggressives that they talked about 'Swaraj' as their goal. The Swarai' as defined by them meant, a system of government as found in the self-governing British colonies.
(b) Highlight three different methods of struggles adopted by each section of the Congress.
Answer
Early Nationalist agitated:
- The Early Nationalist believed in petitions, constitutionalism, prayers, passive resistance, resolutions and meetings. All these were peaceful methods.
- The Early Nationalist had full faith in the British Government and wanted to follow the policy of cooperation. Though in the later years, (during the agitation against the Partition of Bengal), they supported the 'Swadeshi and Boycott' movements. But they wanted to confine this movement only for special circumstances.
- The Early Nationalist agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms. They wanted that the Indians should have some say in the Government and administration of the country. It was only in 1906 that under the pressure from the Assertive that they talked about 'Swaraj' as their goal. The 'Swaraj' as defined by them meant a system of Government as found in the self-governing British colonies.
Assertive Nationalists
- The Assertive Nationalists, on the other hand, supported andfollowed revolutionary methods by launching vigorous political agitations making people self-reliant and bringing national awakening
- The Assertive Nationalists believed in non-cooperation and adopted the programme of boycott against foreign goods, propagation of Swadeshi, a system of national education, etc. The Assertive believed that it was necessary to extend the scope of boycott.
- The Assertive Nationalists on the other hand, demanded 'Purna Swaraj'-self Government as it existed in the United Kingdom.
(c) State the contribution of the person 'B' in the freedom struggle.
Answer
(i) Through his writings he preached Assertive Nationalism, inspired the Indian youth and kindled the fire of patriotism in them.
(ii) He transformed the freedom struggle into the agitation of the millions and the common masses. He, through his speeches and writings, accelerated its pace and widened its base.
(iii) He went to America in 1914 and joined the Ghadar Party. During his stay he was able to win many people to the cause of Indian nationalism and freedom struggle.
(iv) He supported Gandhiji's proposal and spread the message of Non-co-operation throughout India.
(a) (i) In the context of the above, indentify the two individuals in Pictures A and B, who were the early leaders of the organisation to be formed.
(ii) How did the person in Picture B explain the economic exploitation of India for British interest?
(b) Name the organisation which was to be formed. What were the objectives behind the formation of this political body?
(c) Explain the major ideological differences which emerged amongst the leaders within the first twenty years of the foundation of this organisation.
Answer
(a) (i) (A) Gopal Krishna Gokhale. (B) Dadabhai Naoroji.
(ii) Through his famous 'Drain Theory Dadabhai Naoroji explained India's wealth which exploit was for British interest in these forms:
- Salaries payable to the members of the India Council,
- Dispatch of savings to England by British personnel posted in India.
- Pensions to British Officers.
- Payments to the war of office for the maintenance of British troops in India.
(b) The Indian National Congress was formed. The objective were as follows:
(i) To enable national workers from all parts of India to become personally known to each other.
(ii) To end all racial, religious and provincial prejudices and to promote a feeling of national unity among all lovers of the country.
(iii) The formulation of popular demands on vital Indian problems and their presentation before the government.
(iv) To train and organise public opinion in the country,
(c) The liberal nationalists did not believe in agitation or unconstitutional means. The Early Nationalist carried their agitation through:
(i) Petitions to high Government officials.
(ii) Resolutions. s
(iii) Meetings in towns, cities and the countryside.
(iv) Distribution of leaflets and pamphlets.
(v) Preparing memorandum for the Government Committees, and
(vi) Delegations of leading politicians to England. The memorandum or petitions were nominally addressed to the government. They merely wanted to mitigate the evils of British rule and not to terminate it.
(a) His views on national education.
(b) His beliefs about social evils
(c) His suggestions for eradicating poverty and unemployment in India.
Answer
(a) (i) National Education: Bipin Chandra Pal wanted education to be organised on nationalistic lines. He was of the opinion that education should not glorify and idealise the British rule.
(ii) He was of the opinion that education should become an effective instrument for social progress.
(iii) He considered it a key which opens the great treasures of Indian philosophy.
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal wanted to remove social and economic evils from the society. For this he made the following efforts.
(i) He opposed the caste system and other rigid rules concerning inter-dining and inter mixing.
(ii) He advocated widow remarriage.
(iii) Educating women, he believed, was the most effective way of elevating their position.
(c) He stressed the need to develop indigenous industries in the country; he preached the use of Swadeshi and the Boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty and unemployment.