Selina Concise Ch 7 Respiration in Plants ICSE Solutions Class 9 Biology

ICSE Solutions for Chapter 7 Respiration in Plants Class 9 Biology Selina

Progress Check

1. What are the three important aspects about the overall chemical equation of respiration, pertaining to the following?
(i) Single or several steps
(ii) Direct or enzyme-catalysed
(iii) Forms of energy liberated

Solution

Three important aspects are:
(i) The breakdown of glucose to water and carbon dioxide does not take place in a single step, but a series of chemical steps, which occur in two phases:
• Glycolysis(cytoplasm)
• Kreb’s cycle(mitochondria)

(ii) Every breakdown step if due to a particular enzyme.

(iii) The energy that is liberated in the disintegration of the glucose molecule is not all in the form of heat but a large part of its converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP(adenosine triphosphate)

 

2. List three ways in which respiration is different from burning.

Solution

The three differences in which respiration is different from burning are as follows:
(i) Burning is a single step as opposed to respiration wherein a series of chemical steps take place.
(ii) Burning is carried out by heat whereas respiration is carried out by enzymes.
(iii) Burning is a physico-chemical process whereas respiration is a biochemical process.

 

3. Name the three inlets of oxygen for respiration in plants.

Solution

Oxygen can be obtained from the atmosphere through three inlets:
(i) Lenticels in stem
(ii) Stomata in leaves
(iii) General surface of the roots

 

4. Give the overall chemical equation for the two kinds of respiration in plants:
(i) Aerobic
(ii) Anaerobic

Solution

(i) The chemical equation for aerobic respiration is:

(ii) The chemical equation for anaerobic respiration is:

5. Mention any one difference other than those reflected in the two chemical equations given above.

Solution

One difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is that aerobic respiration always takes place in the presence of oxygen whereas anaerobic can proceed in the absence of oxygen.

 

6. Certain organisms respire only anaerobically throughout their lives. Name any two such organisms.

Solution

Entities that respire anaerobically are as follows:
• Some bacteria
• Fungi
• Germinating seeds(in lack of air)

 

7. In experiments on respiration, the seeds taken as control are boiled. Why?

Solution

The seeds are boiled with an antiseptic to avoid bacterial decay.

 

8. What is the use of the following in the experiments on respiration?
(i) Soda lime
(ii) Limewater

Solution

(i) Soda Lime: To absorb any carbon dioxide released by the seeds

(ii) Limewater: Change in the color of limewater to milky water indicates the presence of carbon dioxide, and its source being germinating seeds only.

 

9. Suppose we conduct an experiment to demonstrate respiration in a green plant. What special precaution is required to be taken in it?

Solution

Plant should be covered or kept in dark as the photosynthetic rate is higher in normal light than respiration. Hence, the carbon dioxide that is generated by respiration would be used up by photosynthesis making it difficult to detect carbon dioxide. This is why photosynthesis is required to be stopped hence plants are kept in darkness.

 

10. In experiment No.5 we are using mercury in the test-tube and the beaker. Why can’t we use water instead?

Solution

Mercury is used instead of water because of the following properties:
• Mercury is a good conductor of heat and is the only metal that occurs in liquid state
• It sticks to the capillary walls and provides accurate results
• It can easily be obtained in its pure state
• It has a low specific heat.

 

11. Fill in the blanks.

In anaerobic respiration in plants, the end product is _____ and _____ instead of lactic _____ in animals.

Solution

In anaerobic respiration in plants, the end product is ethanol and ethyl alcohol instead of lactic acid in animals.

 

12. The table below is intended to give certain differences between photosynthesis and respiration, but a few points are given wrongly. Strike out the wrong ones and write the correct words instead.

Photosynthesis	Respiration
(i) Results in loss in weight	Results in gain in weight
(ii) Sucrose is the product	Sucrose is broken down
(iii) Occurs in green cells only	Occurs in all cells
(iv) Uses water and oxygen	Uses glucose and oxygen

Solution

The wrongly given differences are:

(i) Results in loss in weight - Results in gain in weight
Photosynthesis results in weight gain and respiration results in weight loss

(iv) Uses water and oxygen - Uses glucose and oxygen
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water, respiration uses oxygen and glucose.

 

Review Questions

A. Multiple Choice Type

1. Glycolysis is a process
(a) In which glycogen is broken down into glucose
(b) Which occurs in mitochondria
(c) In which glucose is broken down into pyruvate
(d) That occurs next to Krebs cycle.

Solution

(c) In which glucose is broken down into pyruvate
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

 

2. One same common function is performed by?
(a) Stomata and veins
(b) Stomata and lenticels
(c) Lenticels and sepals
(d) Lenticels and hydathodes

Solution

(b) Stomata and lenticels
Oxygen is obtained from the atmosphere through three inlets, two of which are stomata and lenticels.

 

3. Anaerobic respiration normally occurs in
(a) Grass
(b) Cactus
(c) Coconut
(d) Baker’s yeast

Solution

(d) Baker's yeast
Anaerobic respiration can be carried out in the absence of oxygen.

 

B. Very Short Answer Type

1. Do the plants respire all day and all night or only at night?

Solution

Respiration is an essential life process for all living organisms. Therefore, plants also respire all day and all night.

 

2. Name the following:
(a) Energy currency of cell.
(b) Oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy.
(c) An organism which respires throughout life anaerobically.
(d) A common phase in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
(e) Aerobic respiration requires

Solution

(a) ATP
(b) Respiration
(c) Fungus
(d) Glycolysis
(e) Oxygen
(f) Soda lime Solution

 

3. Mention if the following statements are true or false. If false, rewrite them correctly.
(a) Aerobic respiration of one mole of glucose yields 138 ATP. T/F
(b) Anaerobic respiration in plants yields lactic acid. T/F
(c) Carbon dioxide readily dissolves in lime water. T/F
(d) All leaves of a green plant normally respire anaerobically at night. T/F

Solution

(a) False.
One mole of glucose in aerobic respiration yields 38 ATP.

(b) False.
Anaerobic respiration in plants yields ethanol.

(c) True.

(d) False.
All leaves of a green plant normally respire aerobically at night.

 

Short Answer Type

1. What happens to the energy liberated in respiration?

Solution

The energy liberated in respiration is stored in the form of ATP inside the cells. Some part of it is lost as heat to the surroundings.

 

2. Why is it usually difficult to demonstrate respiration in green plants?

Solution

During day time, both photosynthesis and respiration takes place in green plants. Evolution of CO₂ is an indicator to demonstrate respiration in living organisms. CO₂ produced during respiration in plants gets utilized during photosynthesis and thus, there is no evolution of CO₂. Therefore, it is difficult to demonstrate respiration in green plants as there Is no evolution of CO₂ during day time.

 

3. Explain why respiration is said to be the reverse of photosynthesis.

Solution

Respiration is said to be the reverse of photosynthesis due to the following reasons:

(i) In respiration, the organic food is broken down into its inorganic compounds, i.e., CO₂ and H₂O, while in photosynthesis the organic food is synthesized from its inorganic components, i.e., CO₂ and H₂O.

(ii) In respiration, CO₂ is given out, while in photosynthesis CO₂ is consumed.

(iii) In respiration, O₂ is consumed, while in photosynthesis O₂ is released or evolved.

(iv) In respiration, energy is liberated, while in photosynthesis energy is absorbed.

 

4. How is the tilting of the soil useful for the crops growing in it?

Solution

Tiling makes the soil porous and airy. The underground parts of the plants get sufficient amount of oxygen for respiration. In this way, tilling helps the crops to grow faster.

 

5. Write the full form of ATP and ADP.

Solution

The full form is as follows:

ATP — Adenosine triphosphate

ADP — Adenosine diphosphate

 

6. Can cell respiration occur in any organism at a temperature of about 65°C? Give reason.

Solution

Cell respiration cannot occur in any organism at a temperature of about 65°C because the enzymes involved in respiration become inactivated at high temperatures.

 

7. Fill in the blanks:
(a) ____ are the openings found on older stems.
(b) Glycolysis occurs in the ____ of the cells.
(c) _____ is a respiratory substance.
(d) Rate of ____ is more than the rate of _____ in the daytime in the case of green plants.
(e) _____ is a chemical substance which absorbs oxygen of the air.
(f) _____ is used to create vacuum to show anaerobic respiration.

Solution

(a) Lenticels

(b) Cytoplasm

(c) Glucose

(d) Photosynthesis, respiration

(e) Pyrogallate of potash

(f) Caustic potash (KOH)

 

Long Answer Type

1. What is respiration? How are respiration and burning similar and how are they different?

Solution

Oxidation of organic food particularly carbohydrates in living cells to release energy is called respiration.

Similarities between respiration and burning:
(i) Both require oxygen.
(ii) Both produce energy.
(iii) Both result in the formation of CO₂ and water.

Differences between respiration and burning:

Respiration	Burning
Occurs in a series of chemical steps.	Occurs in a single step.
Carried out by enzymes.	Carried out by heat.
Biochemical process	Physico-chemical process
Energy is liberated in the form of ATP and some heat.	Energy is liberated in the form of heat and light.
No light energy is produced.	Light energy is produced.
Cellular process	Non-cellular process
Occurs at body temperature.	Occurs at high temperature (at Ignition point).
No supply of heat energy is required.	Supply of heat energy is required.
The organic compound is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.	The organic compound initially chars and later burns, producing a flame.

 

2. How are aerobic and anaerobic respirations different in plants?

Solution

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plants:

Aerobic respiration in plants	Anaerobic respiration in plants
Also called oxybiotic respiration	Also called anoxybiotic respiration
Proceeds in the presence of oxygen	Proceeds in the absence of oxygen
Occurs in mitochondria	Occurs in cytoplasm
Complete breakdown of glucose	Incomplete breakdown of glucose
End-products are carbon dioxide and water	End-products are ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
Large quantity of energy is liberated (38ATP) from one mole of glucose	Small quantity of energy is liberated (2ATP) from one mole of glucose
Occurs normally throughout the life	Occurs temporarily for short periods

 

3. Describe one experiment each you would perform to demonstrate the following phenomena:
The germinating seeds
(a) Produce heat,
(b) Give out carbon dioxide,
(c) Can respire even in total absence of air.

Solution

(a) Experiment demonstrating that germinating seeds produce heat.

(i) Take two thermos flasks 'A' and 'B'.
(ii) Take about 200 bean or pea seeds and soak them in water for more than 24 hours.
(iii) Divide the seeds into two equal groups. Kill one group of seeds by boiling them and then, wash them with dilute formalin to prevent bacterial decay. Place the live germinating seeds in flask A and the killed one in flask B.
(iv) Insert a thermometer in each of the flasks and plug their mouths with cotton wool. Note the initial reading in the thermometer.
(v) After few hours, the thermometer in flask A will show a higher reading indicating that the germinating seeds produce heat. There will not be any rise in the temperature of flask B.

(b) Experiment demonstrating that germinating seeds give out carbon dioxide.

(i) Take two flasks 'A' and' B'.
(ii) Place some wet cotton wool at the bottom of both the flasks.
(iii) Place some soaked seeds of pea in flask A and an equal number of boiled or dead seeds in flask B. Add some carbolic acid to flask B to prevent the growth of bacteria on dead seeds.
(iv) Cork the flasks and keep them undisturbed for few days.
(v) After few days, the seeds in flask A will have germinated and the seeds in flask B do not show any signs of germination.
(vi) The gases in each of the flasks are then tested by removing the cork and tilting the flask over a test tube containing limewater and then shaking up the test tube.
(vii) The expected CO₂ present in flask A will turn limewater milky showing that germinating seeds give out CO₂, while the gas in flask B will show no effect on lime water.

 

(c) Experiment demonstrating that germinating seeds can respire even in total absence of air.

(i) Take few soaked and peeled off pea seeds and push them into the mouth of a test tube filled with mercury and Inverted In a beaker of mercury. The seeds will float to the top and will be completely surrounded by mercury.
(ii) After few days, the level of mercury falls and the presence of some gas in the test tube can be detected.
(iii) Add some KOH to the test tube. The gas present in the test tube will be absorbed and the level of mercury will again rise showing that the gas was CO₂. Hence, we can prove that germinating seeds respire even in the total absence of air.

 

4. How do the following structures help in respiration in plants?
(a) Lenticels
(b) Stomata
(c) Root hairs

Solution

(a) Lenticels help the stem to participate in respiration.

(b) Stomata help the leaves to participate in respiration.

(c) Root hairs help the roots to participate in respiration.

 

E. Structured/Application/Skill Type

1. Given below is a set of six experimental set-ups (A-F), kept in this state for about 24 hours.

(a) In how many flasks, the different plant parts have been kept under observation?
(b) What is the purpose of keeping a test-tube containing limewater in each flask?
(c) In which tube/tubes the limewater will turn milky?
(d) What is the purpose of the set-up F?
(e) What conclusion can you draw from this experiment?

Solution

(a) Five flasks (A-E) are having different plant parts for observation.

(b) Limewater absorbs CO₂ present in the flasks. If CO₂ is produced, limewater turns milky.

(c) All the five flasks (A-E) containing plant parts will show respiration and thus, the tubes containing limewater will turn milky. The flask F does not contain any plant part. So, there is no respiration and hence, there is no change.

(d) Set-up F acts as a control for the experiment, where all the conditions are similar except for the plant part, which is missing.

(e) It can be concluded from this experiment that CO2 is produced during respiration.

 

2. The following two chemical reactions are supposed to indicate a certain process occurring in the green plants under two different conditions:

(a) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + ____ + 38ATP

(b) C₆H₁₂O₆ → ____ + 2CO₂ + 2ATP

(i) Fill in the blanks of each reaction.
(ii) Name the process represented by the two chemical equations.
(iii) What are the conditions under which the two reactions (a) and (b) are occurring?

Solution

(i) (a) 6H₂O (b) C₂H5OH

(ii) (a) Aerobic respiration, (b) Anaerobic respiration

(iii) Reaction (a) can be completed only in the presence of oxygen, while reaction (b) can be completed in the absence of oxygen.

 

3. The following diagram refers to an apparatus which is used to demonstrate a physiological process:

(a) What is the purpose of keeping potassium hydroxide solution in the test tubes X and Y?
(b) Why has the coloured water risen in tubing 1?
(c) What is the purpose of keeping boiled peas soaked in a disinfectant in test tube Y?
(d) Name the biological process which causes the above rise.
(e) Define the biological process shown in the experiment.

Solution

(a) Potassium hydroxide solution is kept in test tube X and Y to check the presence of CO₂, as KOH can absorb CO₂, if it is produced.

(b) When the process of respiration takes place in test tube X, the O₂ present in the test tube is consumed. The CO₂ produced due to respiration is absorbed by the KOH present in the test tube. Hence, a space is developed due to consumption of oxygen and hence, the coloured water rises in tubing 1.

(c) In test tube Y, boiled peas soaked in disinfectant are kept because the boiled seeds are dead and cannot respire. Therefore, the process of respiration does not take place in test tube Y.

(d) Respiration is the cause of the above rise.

(e) The catabolic process of releasing energy from simple sugars for carrying out life processes is called respiration.

 

4. 

(a) Name the physiological process being studied.

(b) What is the function of soda lime in the bottle ‘A’ and why is limewater placed in bottle ‘B'?

(c) What change would you expect to observe in bottle ‘D’?

(d) Represent the physiological process named in (a) above in the form of a chemical equation.

(e) In order to obtain accurate results, the bottle ‘C’ should be covered with a piece of black cloth. Why?

(f) If bottle ‘C’ was fitted with a 3-holed rubber stopper and a thermometer were introduced in such a way that its bulb reaches close to the germinating seeds, what would you observe? Why?

Solution

(a) The experiment was set up to study that CO₂ is given off from living plant material which performs respiration.

(b) Soda lime is kept in bottle 'A' so as to check the (presence of) passage of CO₂ present in bottle 'B'. This is because soda lime has a tendency to absorb CO₂ present in air.
The limewater present in bottle 'B' shows that no CO₂ is entering bottle C with the air passing through bottle C.

(c) The bottle 'D' having limewater will show that CO₂ is produced due to respiration taking place in bottle 'C' having germinating seeds in it. Due to the CO₂ produced in bottle C, the limewater turns milky, which passes through bottle 'D'.

(d) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 38ATP (Energy)

(e) The bottle 'C' when covered with black cloth will have no scope for photosynthesis. Hence, only the process of respiration can be observed.

(f) By introducing a thermometer in bottle 'C', the change in temperature is checked or observed. If respiration takes place, there will be a rise in temperature and if there is no rise in temperature, no respiration occurs. Therefore, a three-holed rubber stopper and a thermometer were introduced.